The rise of the land market in medieval south-west Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-171
Author(s):  
Mika Kallioinen
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
South West ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThis article aims to explain how the market for land functioned in medieval south-west Finland. The data show that in medieval times land was increasingly treated as something to be transferred in return for ready money, albeit within the limits set by the interests of the family. The land market was open to large segments of society, suggesting that barriers to entry were low. It was characterised by strong vertical integration, although asymmetric, as the majority of the transactions took place between participants from different social groups. The article will also consider the high degree of geographical integration in the land market.

Family Courts and Human Security in South West Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Oluwaleye Monisola
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Family Courts ◽  
South West ◽  
The Family ◽  
Domestic Violence Against Women

The trend of violence against women in Nigeria has increased more than ever recently, with many women having been deprived of their fundamental rights. Violence against women in Nigeria includes sexual harassment, physical violence, harmful traditional practices, emotional and psychological violence, and socio-economic violence. This article investigates cases of domestic violence against women in South West Nigeria by assessing the role of family courts in the adjudication of such cases. Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed to examine incidents of violence against women and the role of the family courts in ensuring justice. The author employed both primary and secondary sources of data; the data gathered were analysed by frequency and simple percentages, while qualitative data were descriptively analysed. The article reveals the causes of domestic violence against women to include a cultural belief in male superiority, women’s lack of awareness of their rights, women’s poverty owing to joblessness, men seeking sexual satisfaction by force, women having only male children, the social acceptance of discipline, the failure to punish the perpetrators of violence, the influence of alcohol, and in-laws’ interference in marital relationships. It also reveals the nature of domestic violence against women. The research revealed that the family courts have played prominent roles in protecting and defending the rights of women. The author therefore recommends that the law should strengthen the family courts by extending their power to penalise the perpetrators of violence against women. 

The Inscriptions on the Gravestones in the Croatian Villages of Slovakia, Chunovo and Jarovce: The Specificity of Mixing Graphics Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Darya Yu. Vashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Traditional Spelling ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Village

The article discusses the inscriptions on funerary monuments from the Croatian villages of Cunovo and Jarovce, located in the South of Slovakia, near Bratislava. These inscriptions reflect the complicated sociocultural situation in the region, which is particularly specific due to the fact that this territory was included to Slovakia’s territory only after 1946, while earlier the village was part of Hungary. In addition, the local Croatian ethnic group was actively in close contact with the German and Hungarian communities. At the same time, the orthographic norms of the literary Croatian, German, Hungarian, and Slovak languages, which could potentially be owned by the authors of the inscriptions, differ in many ways, despite the Latin alphabet used on all the gravestones. All this is reflected in the tombstones, representing a high degree of mixing codes. The article identifies the main types of fusion on the monuments: separate orthograms, writing the maiden name of the deceased in the spelling of her native language, the traditional spelling of the family name. In addition, the mixing of codes can be associated with writing feminitives, also order of name and surname within the anthroponym. Moreover, the settlements themselves represent different ethnic groups coexistence within the village. Gravestones from the respective cemeteries also differ from each other in the nature of the prevailing trend of the mixing codes. In Jarovce, where the ethnic groups live compactly, fusion is often presented as a separate foreign language orthograms. In Cunovo, where the ethnic groups constitute a global conglomerate, more traditional presents for a specific family spelling of the names on the monument.

Barriers to Entry and Implications for Competition Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
African Context ◽  
Regulatory Barriers ◽  
Consumer Switching

Competition requires rivals. While this rivalry may come from imports, the development of local capabilities and productive capacity for rivalry, including by black industrialists in the South African context, means understanding the barriers to entry that local producers must overcome. Barriers to entry are also critical for the correct balance between the risks of over- and under-enforcement and are one reason why it has been recommended that countries should adopt different standards for competition evaluation. This chapter draws on studies of barriers to entry in different markets in South Africa to consider the nature and extent of these barriers and the implications for competition policy. It highlights issues related to regulatory barriers, consumer switching costs and branding, routes to market, and vertical integration, as well as economies of scale and access to finance.

scholarly journals Involvement of loop 5 lysine residues and the N-terminal β-hairpin of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A on its insecticidal activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Olombrada ◽  
Lucía García-Ortega ◽  
Javier Lacadena ◽  
Mercedes Oñaderra ◽  
José G. Gavilanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Ribonucleolytic Activity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Hirsutella Thompsonii ◽  
Close Spatial Proximity ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Ribotoxins are cytotoxic members of the family of fungal extracellular ribonucleases best represented by RNase T1. They share a high degree of sequence identity and a common structural fold, including the geometric arrangement of their active sites. However, ribotoxins are larger, with a well-defined N-terminal β-hairpin, and display longer and positively charged unstructured loops. These structural differences account for their cytotoxic properties. Unexpectedly, the discovery of hirsutellin A (HtA), a ribotoxin produced by the invertebrate pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii, showed how it was possible to accommodate these features into a shorter amino acid sequence. Examination of HtA N-terminal β-hairpin reveals differences in terms of length, charge, and spatial distribution. Consequently, four different HtA mutants were prepared and characterized. One of them was the result of deleting this hairpin [Δ(8-15)] while the other three affected single Lys residues in its close spatial proximity (K115E, K118E, and K123E). The results obtained support the general conclusion that HtA active site would show a high degree of plasticity, being able to accommodate electrostatic and structural changes not suitable for the other previously known larger ribotoxins, as the variants described here only presented small differences in terms of ribonucleolytic activity and cytotoxicity against cultured insect cells.

INFLUENCE OF BACTRIO-CARRY IN THE FAMILY ON THE COURSE OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN A CHILD

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Vasileva E.A. ◽  
Kuyarov A.A. ◽  
Kuyarov A.V.
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Nose And Throat

The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is complex, and at present a unified concept of the development of the disease has not been formed. At the heart of pathogenesis, there is a complex interaction of numerous factors, such as genetic predisposition, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and the epidermal barrier. Previously, it has been proven that a high microbial contamination of the affected areas helps to maintain inflammation and aggravates skin dysfunction as a result of chronic inflammation, and favorable factors appear for the attachment of a secondary infection. However, little attention has been paid to dysfunctions of the epidermal barrier, the role of violations of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiota in the development of AD, and this issue remains relevant at the present time. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the carrier of bacteria on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract in family members on the course of atopic dermatitis in a child. A bacteriological examination of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat was carried out in 34 children with AD and members of their families (74 people). When examining the mucous membranes of the nose and throat in family members of children with AD, it was found that the microflora isolated from family members in more than half of the cases has an increased potential for pathogenicity with a high degree of contamination (CFU lg 3), which forms an increased bacteriological load on the child. The tendency of bacterial carriage was revealed, contributing to the formation in the family of a permanent persistence of microflora with a high potential for pathogenicity. Asymptomatic carriage of bacteria forms an additional epidemiological load on the child, affects the severity of AD and is a risk factor in the development of secondary infection of the skin.

scholarly journals An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
D.A. Gapon
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
Structural Isolation ◽  
High Degree

n event of mating between specimens of Corizus hyoscyami and Rhopalus parumpunctatus, registered in the Novgorod Province of Russia is considered. The structure of the aedeagi in their completely inflated state and the female genitalia, as well as the functioning of the genitalia, are described and illustrated. The process of unfolding and swelling of the aedeagi is traced using the method of hydraulic inflation of the membranous parts with glass microcapillaries. The congruence of the genitalia is discussed for each species, and also for the interspecific crosses in both combinations of sexes and species. Structures of insect terminalia are divided into three groups according to their functions: 1) auxiliary structures; 2) structures providing the mutual fixation of the genitalia; and 3) structures directly performing the function of transferring seminal fluid. It is shown that in the considered variants of interspecific crosses, the parts of the genitalia belonging to the second group have almost the same structure and functioning, and most likely cannot perform the function of structural isolation. The structures of the third group have taxon-specific morphological and functioning traits and a high degree of congruence within each species. Schemes of the functioning of the genitalia in interspecific crosses, speculatively showing the impossibility of normal insemination, are proposed.

scholarly journals How many lived to maturity?

1993 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Eino Jutikkala
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Family Reconstruction ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common

Calculations have been made of the total child and adolescent mortality in Finland in the 1700s and 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s. The author examines the cohort mortality of children and adolescents in different periods, regions and social groups. He does this by using the family reconstruction method with the aid of genealogical tables. The study focuses on five populations. In these cases the common allegation that during preindustrial period half the children died before reaching maturity is somewhat exaggerated.

scholarly journals Social Roles as Viewed by Speakers of Non-Cognate Languages.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Olga Leonidovna Byessonova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Male Roles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Degree Of Orientation ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
High Degree

Introduction. The article addresses the reflection of ideas about gender social roles in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of men and women. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the material of the linguistic experi-ment conducted with native speakers of such English and Ukrainian. Results. The results of the experiment reveal the differences in the perception by the native speakers of English and Ukrainian of gender social roles. As the analysis of the material shows, in the Ukrainian society, the public sphere is associated to a greater de-gree with the professional activities of men and women, and there is a high degree of orientation of women towards motherhood. In English, outside the family, mainly male roles are defined, and the roles of women are mainly family and are in the sphere of personal, emotional ties. Discussion and Conclusions. The analysis of social roles shows that the Ukrainian lin-guistic community, to a greater extent than the English-speaking, is characterized by an orientation towards the traditional patriarchal family, in which a woman is the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of male consumption, and the man is the owner and head of the family. The results obtained in the course of the experiment enable to establish a systemic cor-relation between the language structure and the social structure, to establish correla-tions between the language phenomena and the gender of the communicants.

Palliative care in South Korea

2015 ◽  
pp. 1136-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Sook Kim ◽  
Boon Han Kim
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
The West ◽  
Korean Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Life Sustaining Treatment ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Hospice Palliative Care

Most Koreans would prefer to withdraw from medically futile life-sustaining treatment, but many Koreans still receive futile treatment even after their conditions are diagnosed as terminal. Korean law does not allow doctors to remove life-sustaining treatment, regardless of the patient‘s condition or desires or those of family members. The limited hospice palliative care that is offered often demands a high degree of family responsibility; the caregivers of terminal patients are usually immediate family members or private caregivers hired by the family. For these reasons, Korean family members of terminally ill patients experience heavy physical, emotional, and social stresses, much more so than families in the West.

scholarly journals The Complete Plastid Genome of Artocarpus camansi: A High Degree of Conservation of the Plastome Structure in the Family Moraceae

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Ueric José Borges de Souza ◽  
Luciana Cristina Vitorino ◽  
Layara Alexandre Bessa ◽  
Fabiano Guimarães Silva
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Chloroplast Genes ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Understanding the plastid genome is extremely important for the interpretation of the genetic mechanisms associated with essential physiological and metabolic functions, the identification of possible marker regions for phylogenetic or phylogeographic analyses, and the elucidation of the modes through which natural selection operates in different regions of this genome. In the present study, we assembled the plastid genome of Artocarpus camansi, compared its repetitive structures with Artocarpus heterophyllus, and searched for evidence of synteny within the family Moraceae. We also constructed a phylogeny based on 56 chloroplast genes to assess the relationships among three families of the order Rosales, that is, the Moraceae, Rhamnaceae, and Cannabaceae. The plastid genome of A. camansi has 160,096 bp, and presents the typical circular quadripartite structure of the Angiosperms, comprising a large single copy (LSC) of 88,745 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 19,883 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions each with a length of 25,734 bp. The total GC content was 36.0%, which is very similar to Artocarpus heterophyllus (36.1%) and other moraceous species. A total of 23,068 codons and 80 SSRs were identified in the A. camansi plastid genome, with the majority of the SSRs being mononucleotide (70.0%). A total of 50 repeat structures were observed in the A. camansi plastid genome, in contrast with 61 repeats in A. heterophyllus. A purifying selection signal was found in 70 of the 79 protein-coding genes, indicating that they have all been highly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of the genus. The comparative analysis of the structural characteristics of the chloroplast among different moraceous species found a high degree of similarity in the sequences, which indicates a highly conserved evolutionary model in these plastid genomes. The phylogenetic analysis also recovered a high degree of similarity between the chloroplast genes of A. camansi and A. heterophyllus, and reconfirmed the hypothesis of the intense conservation of the plastome in the family Moraceae.

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