Feedback on Writing

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Learner Strategies ◽  
Giving Feedback ◽  
Ultimate Purpose

The article first calls attention to research on learner strategies and to the significant role that verbal report data have played in such research. While various research methods have been used to describe such strategies, verbal report measures are being used more and more as a means for describing cognitive processes in such areas as communicating, translating, test taking, and language learning. The article focuses just on the use of verbal report in describing learner strategies in language learning and language using. It is noted that information on learner strategies has evolved from partially intuited lists of strategies to empirically derived taxonomies that have as their ultimate purpose that of training learners to be more successful at language learning. Second, the controversy regarding the use of verbal report measures is discussed. Finally, the article describes a study that employed a variety of verbal report measures in an effort to understand better the strategies that teachers use in giving feedback on compositions and the strategies that learners use in handling this feedback in the English-foreign-languge and Portuguese-native-language classrooms, respectively.

Focused Tasks, Mental Actions and Second Language Learning. Cognitive and Connectionist Accounts of Task Effectiveness

2006 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Machteld Moonen ◽  
Rick de Graaff ◽  
Gerard Westhoff
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Mental Actions ◽  
Involvement Load Hypothesis

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical framework to estimate the effectiveness of second language tasks in which the focus is on the acquisition of new linguistic items, such as vocabulary or grammar, the so-called focused tasks (R. Ellis, 2003). What accounts for the learning impact offocused tasks? We shall argue that the task-based approach (e.g. Skehan, 1998, Robinson, 2001) does not provide an in-depth account of how cognitive processes, elicited by a task, foster the acquisition of new linguistic elements. We shall then review the typologies of cognitive processes derived from research on learning strategies (Chamot & O'Malley, 1994), from the involvement load hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001), from the depth of processing hypothesis (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) and from connectionism (e.g Broeder & Plunkett, 1997; N. Ellis, 2003). The combined insights of these typologies form the basis of the multi-feature hypothesis, which predicts that retention and ease of activation of new linguistic items are improved by mental actions which involve a wide variety of different features, simultaneously and frequently. A number of implications for future research shall be discussed.

scholarly journals Case Study of the Commercially Published ELT materials in Foundation of English Course Books 1 & 2

IIUC Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Md Yousuf Uddin Khaled Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
The Right

Brumfit (1979) has suggested that many commercially published ELT materials are little more than ‘masses of rubbish, skilfully marketed’. He perhaps rejects most of the published materials. However, in reality, it is observed that these ELT resources are the only available alternatives in the contexts where infra-structural limitations of language classrooms and the inefficiency of the language-teachers make the goal of language learning and teaching unreachable or unattainable for many of the learners. This paper, through a case study, aims at justifying the use of commercially published ELT coursebooks that are designed and used, considering the limitations and problems of the personally produced materials by untrained teachers. Nevertheless, these materials must consider the local market rather than the global markets so that they meet the needs of the local language learners and instructors. The case study implies that it is the selection or adaptation of the right materials for the specific learners that makes them effective or ineffective. It also suggests that the personally designed or locally produced materials too may make teaching and learning difficult and impossible sometimes.IIUC Studies Vol.10 & 11 December 2014: 173-182

scholarly journals Assemblage theory: coping with complexity in technology enhanced language learning

2019 ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
Blair Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Assemblage Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Theory Of Complexity

Language classrooms are complex systems, but theory often simplifies these processes making researching effectiveness difficult. Assemblage theory – a theory of complexity in the social sciences – allows us to examine complexity in the language classroom. In this paper, I present an account of the language classroom that captures the complexity, subjectivity, and temporality of technology enhanced language learning.

scholarly journals An Investigation of How Online Learning Reduces ZPD in Mandarin Language Classrooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Noor Hanim Rahmat ◽  
Mok Soon Sim ◽  
Lau Suk Khi ◽  
Ling Tek Soon
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Mandarin Language ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Language Needs ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Play Group

Traditionally, language needs to be learnt face-to-face. Pronunciation practices, role play, group discussions are all activities that allow interaction among learners. Previously, some things are better learnt face-to-face, while some can be learnt online. Nevertheless, the pandemic has accelerated the need for online learning in almost all courses offered at institutions. Devices used for online learning can be used as a leaning tool by learners to improve understanding. These devices help to reduce a learner’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) thus maximizing learning. Online learning has been said to facilitate rather than hinder language learning. This study is therefore done to explore how it helps the learning of Mandarin. The study investigates how online interaction affects the learning of Mandarin in language classrooms. 173 participants responded to a 28 items (5 likert scale) instrument. Findings reveal how online learning influences interaction, encourages participation of more knowledgeable others, and improves interaction with content among learners.

Game On With Kahoot!

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Eric D. Reynolds ◽  
Richard W. Fuchs ◽  
Peter Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Bring Your Own Device ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Efl Students

The landscape of technology in language classrooms is changing so quickly that it's hard for us to keep pace. Games-based student response systems (GBSRS) in a bring-your-own-device environment have only recently become widely available for language classrooms; consequently, little research has been conducted into the efficacy of GBSRSs for foreign language learning. This quasi-experimental study explores the efficacy of one application called Kahoot! at a medium-sized university in South Korea for vocabulary learning and motivation. Both the traditional control group and the experimental group learned more vocabulary during the course of the study; however, no significant difference in vocabulary learning was found between the groups. The change in motivation level, on the other hand, was significantly higher for the Kahoot! group. Therefore, the findings recommend the use of the Kahoot! GBSRS particularly for often low motivated Asian university EFL students.

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