Germination, early development, and creativity in the acquisition of the Yucatec Maya deictic system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Rosa ESPINOSA OCHOA
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Yucatec Maya ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Modal Adverbs

Abstract The Yucatec Maya language has a highly complex deictic system with interesting typological differences that in addition to demonstratives and locative adverbs also includes ostensive evidentials and modal adverbs. Given that deictic words are among the first that children produce, the aim of this study is to identify the early acquisition that Yucatec Mayan children follow to map out each deictic form. Deictic words taken from spontaneous, longitudinal, transversal corpora and Gaskins's (1990) field work annotations were labeled and analyzed. The results show that children begin by uttering protoforms mapped with prototypical functions of locative and modal adverbs, but the functions of both demonstratives and ostensive evidentials are expressed mostly with the same protoform, which is similar to the deictic organizations of other languages. When children become productive, they overextend functions, which demonstrates a reanalysis of the system before acquisition is complete.

The early acquisition of word meaning

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Reich
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Special Case

ABSTRACTThe development of the meaning of shoe in one pre-lingual child, plus additional examples drawn from the literature, support a notion that word meanings start out very narrow and only become overextended later, though sometimes before the word is spoken. This appears to contradict the course of development of meaning hypothesized by Clark (1973). It is argued that the early development of word meaning is simply a special case of a much more general learning process.

On the role of morphological richness in the early development of noun and verb inflection

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aris Xanthos ◽  
Sabine Laaha ◽  
Steven Gillis ◽  
Ursula Stephany ◽  
Ayhan Aksu-Koç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Speech Corpora ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
The Relationship

This study proposes a new methodology for determining the relationship between child-directed speech and child speech in early acquisition. It illustrates the use of this methodology in investigating the relationship between the morphological richness of child-directed speech and the speed of morphological development in child speech. Both variables are defined in terms of mean size of paradigm (MSP) and estimated in a set of longitudinal spontaneous speech corpora of nine children and their caretakers. The children are aged 1;3–3;0, acquiring nine different languages that vary in terms of morphological richness. The main result is that the degree of morphological richness in child-directed speech is positively related to the speed of development of noun and verb paradigms in child speech.

Autonomous linguistic systems in the language of young children

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONATA LEVY
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Early Acquisition

This paper considers cross-linguistic findings concerning the early development of formal, arbitrary, grammatical systems in normal hearing and deaf children and in children with congenital brain abnormalities. The paper reviews evidence showing an early acquisition of grammatical forms. Such learning is typically dissociated from the development of the relevant semantics. Form–function correspondences were not required for the development of morphological paradigms and for certain aspects of formal syntax. This finding held across all the populations studied.It is hypothesized that the autonomous nature of these formal paradigms accounts for their priority in learning cross-linguistically.

SHEAR‐WAVE RECORDING USING CONTINUOUS SIGNAL METHODS PART I—EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Geophysics ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Cherry ◽  
K. H. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Compressional Wave ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Wave Reflections ◽  
Continuous Signal ◽  
Equipment Development ◽  
Wave Recording

In recent years, it has been found possible to record shear‐wave reflections and horizontally traveling shear waves using continuous signal methods. Thus paper traces the equipment development and field work performed during this research. The earliest work with a version of a swinging‐weight vibrator showed that shear‐wave reflections could be recorded. This fact provided the impetus to make modifications to equipment to meet difficulties caused by lack of energy and lack of frequency bandwidth. Examples are given which show the flexibility of the system in providing comparison between the horizontally traveling surface waves induced and recorded by the various combinations of vibrator sources and geophone types and their relative orientations. Frequency selection by the different modes is well illustrated. For most of the reflection examples, the average ratio of shear‐wave velocity to compressional‐wave velocity in the first few thousands of feet is near 0.5. Finally, to complete the early development, the version of the shear‐wave vibrator and recording system which was used for most of the additional work is described. In order to make comparison of P‐wave and SH‐wave reflection records easier, this system provided for a 2:1 compression of the shear‐wave time scale as well as a 2:1 ratio of frequency output between the P‐ and SH‐vibrator systems. A few examples of SH reflection profiles achieved with this system are presented.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eric Hallberg ◽  
Lina Hansén
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Standard Procedures

The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

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