Rumen Micro-organisms in Red Deer, Hill Sheep and Reindeer in the Scottish Highlands

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Hobson ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Fermentative Activity ◽  
Micro Organisms

SynopsisThe micro-organisms in rumen samples from Red deer, hill sheep and reindeer grazing their natural pastures in the Scottish Highlands were examined at different seasons over a number of years. The total counts of bacteria and protozoa varied with the season, and were lowest in winter when fermentative activity was also at its lowest.As is usual in roughage-fed ruminants, viable counts were only a very small proportion of the total counts. The reindeer rumens had the highest concentrations of bacteria.There were no consistent differences in the types of bacteria between seasons, but although there were no bacteria peculiar to any animal species the balance of predominant types varied between the species. The principal types of bacteria were similar to those found in domesticated ruminants. The numbers of protozoa in the Red deer were higher than those in the sheep, and the concentrations in reindeer were higher than those generally reported for domesticated cattle or sheep. A number of species of protozoa were found in each animal and the predominant species differed in the different animals.

Rumen Function in Red Deer, Hill Sheep and Reindeer in the Scottish Highlands

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Hobson ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. Summers ◽  
B. W. Staines
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dietary Components

SynopsisRed deer, sheep and reindeer grazing on their normal hill ranges were examined at intervals over a period of four years. Samples from the digestive tract were taken at different seasons and processed in the field. The Red deer and reindeer were killed before samples were taken; rumen samples from the sheep were taken by stomach tube, but a number of animals were also killed at different seasons to correlate stomach tube and whole rumen samples. The animals sampled were representative of the general condition of the herds. Examinations were made for parasites and any pathological conditions. In most instances parasitic infections were slight. Apparent seasonal changes were found in the compositions of the diets. The Red deer and sheep ate principally heather and grass, the proportion of heather increasing in the winter. The reindeer ate mainly grass in the summer, with lichens and grass forming the winter diet, and these animals seemed to have a higher nutritional status in the winter than did the other two species. The weights of the animals and of their rumen contents, the concentrations of rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid, and the rates at which different dietary components were fermented are recorded. Rumen fermentation was low in winter and the diets were generally inadequate for the animals. A lack of nitrogen seemed to be a major factor.Some data on caecal contents are also given.

Nonmarine ostracods (Crustacea) from South Korea, including a description of a new species of Tanycypris Triebel (Cyprididae, Cypricercinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3161 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHEON YOUNG CHANG ◽  
JIMIN LEE ◽  
ROBIN J. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
New Records ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
A New Species

Preliminary surveys of brackish and freshwater habitats in the southeast and east of South Korea produced a total of fifteenspecies. Ten of these species are new records for Korea, and one additional species, belonging to the genus Tanycypris, isnewly described herein. Twenty-seven species of nonmarine ostracods are now reported from Korea, but this is probablyonly a small proportion of the actual number of species inhabiting the peninsula. The presence of Dolerocypris ikeyaiSmith & Kamiya, 2006, Cryptocandona brehmi (Klie, 1934), Cryptocandona tsukagoshii Smith, 2011, Physocypria nip-ponica Okubo, 1990 and Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, 1952) on the Korean Peninsula demonstrates that these species are also distributed on the continent, and are not endemic to Japan.

scholarly journals Wildlife and Land Use in Highland Scotland

Oryx ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
James Lockie
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Red Grouse ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Intense Exploitation

Depopulation of the Scottish Highlands in the seventeenth century was followed by intense exploitation and often misuse of the land, with serious overgrazing, burning and wildlife destruction. Today the main land uses are hill sheep farming, crofting, sport, and, more recently, commercial timber growing, nature conservation, hydroelectric schemes and tourism. The author, who is on the staff of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources in Edinburgh University, examines the effect of these activities on four main wildlife species – golden eagle, red deer, red grouse and red fox – and describes some of the mistaken management practices which damage the wildlife, often without producing the desired results.

scholarly journals Digestion of grass lipids and pigments in the sheep rumen

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. C. Dawson ◽  
Norma Hemington
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Digestion of grass lipids and pigments in the rumen of the sheep has been studied during starvation and following the administration of 14C-labelled grass.2. Both galactolipids contained in chloroplasts are rapidly degraded, although mono-galactosyldiglycerides disappear faster than digalactosyldiglycerides. It was concluded that rumen micro-organisms are mainly responsible for this degradation, although grass itself also contains enzymes which can degrade galactolipids.3. Rumen contents can degrade added 14C-labelled mono- and digalactosyldiglycerides in vitro at a rate sufficient to account for the disappearance of galactolipids in the intact rumen. The initial enzyme attack is probably a successive deacylation to give monogalactosylglycerol and digalactosylglycerol.4. Most of the chlorophyll pigments are rapidly converted into phaeophytins by loss of magnesium. A small proportion of chlorophyll a and more of chlorophyll b remains intact even after 24 h starvation. On the other hand, about half the phaeophytin undergoes further rapid decomposition to yield phylloerythrin.5. Although the grass phospholipids are extensively degraded, β-carotenes and many non-polar compounds, e.g. steroids, appear to undergo little change in the rumen.

THE INTERACTION OF HIGHER PLANTS AND SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: II. STUDY OF THE MICROBIAL POPULATION OF THE RHIZOSPHERE IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO SOIL-BORNE DISEASES

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (9) ◽  
pp. 444-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Timonin
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Rhizosphere Population ◽  
Micro Organisms

Comparative studies of flax varieties resistant and susceptible respectively to wilt, and of tobacco varieties resistant and susceptible to black root rot, showed higher numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of the susceptible than of corresponding resistant plants. Though plants of the same variety showed considerable variation in rhizosphere population under field and greenhouse conditions, the general trend remained the same. The abundance of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of plants of the same variety grown in plots receiving different fertilizer treatment showed relatively little difference, even though the soils varied greatly in productivity.Numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of flax were greater when the water content of the soil was maintained at 30%, than when held at 60%, of total moisture-holding capacity. However, the microbial population in the soil distant from the roots was lower in the drier soil.Differential counts of fungi and actinomycetes indicated that the number of colonies developing from spores or conidia comprised a small proportion of the total count. Sporulation of fungi was more profuse in soil distant from the plant than in the rhizosphere.The contact slide method indicated a greater number of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere than in soil distant from the roots and showed differences between the rhizosphere of resistant and susceptible varieties which agreed with results from the plating method.

Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals

2002 ◽  
Vol 361 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric M. VAZ ◽  
Ronald J. A. WANDERS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

Carnitine is indispensable for energy metabolism, since it enables activated fatty acids to enter the mitochondria, where they are broken down via β-oxidation. Carnitine is probably present in all animal species, and in numerous micro-organisms and plants. In mammals, carnitine homoeostasis is maintained by endogenous synthesis, absorption from dietary sources and efficient tubular reabsorption by the kidney. This review aims to cover the current knowledge of the enzymological, molecular, metabolic and regulatory aspects of mammalian carnitine biosynthesis, with an emphasis on the human and rat.

scholarly journals Coleoptera

1879 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 510-533
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Large Groups

The collection of Coleoptera contained in all 265 specimens. The number of species obtained is only sixty, and is probably only a small proportion of what could have been discovered had the naturalists been able to devote more time specially to them, and had remained longer in the Island. All the large groups are represented, and in the following proportions :— A detailed account of the species is given below, it may therefore be sufficient to state here that none of the species are apterous, that the number described as new to science is thirty-three, for eight of which new genera had to be established. Of the twenty-seven previously described species eight appear to be cosmopolitan or to have a wide distribution.

Diversification of animal species in the hills and uplands

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cashmere Goats ◽  
Meat Animal ◽  
Levels Of Support

AbstractThe options for diversification in the hills and uplands of the United Kingdom are constrained by environmental and nutritional factors to the production of meat, animal fibre or both meat and fibre from deer, sheep, goats and camelids. To be successful, novel animal systems must also produce a commodity for which there is a strong demand and be wholly acceptable as regards both animal welfare and environmental impact. Immediate economic viability is not a prerequisite as levels of support to traditional and alternative enterprises can be changed at any time. Red deer farming and fibre production from fine-wool sheep, Angora and cashmere goats, and guanacos are all considered to be technically possible on hill or upland resources. Fine wool and cashmere have the greatest potential for diversification as they are dual-product enterprises with a balance between meat and fibre which accords with predicted market demands. The realization of the potential of these enterprises will require financial support equivalent to that given to the traditional forms of production if they are to be competitive and constitute realistic opportunities for diversification.

scholarly journals Studies in the Biochemistry of Micro-organisms. Part V.—Quantitative examination by the carbon balance sheet method of the types of products formed from glucose by species of Fusarium

1931 ◽  
Vol 220 (468-473) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Centraalbureau Voor ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quantitative Examination ◽  
Micro Organisms

In view of the encouraging results obtained from the preparation of carbon balance sheets for a number of species of Aspergilus , as reported in Part III, the work was extended to other groups and, by way of contrast, carbon balance sheets were prepared for a considerable number of species of Fusarium . It is evident from Wollenweber’s “ Monograph on the Fusaria '*(see ‘ Phytopathology ’ (1913), Vol. 3, p. 24) that the classification of the Fusaria on morphological grounds is very difficult. It was hoped that, as a result of the preparation of carbon balance sheets, some biochemical classification on the lines of the Aspergillus group might be possible, and in order to ensure that the cultures used were authentic, almost the whole of those chosen for investigation were Wollenweber’s own cultures purchased from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures at Baarn. The methods of investigation adopted were those described in Part II and applied to the Aspergillus group in Part III. The following is the history of the species of Fusarium used in this work :— *(1) F. viride (Lechm.) Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 81. Purchased from Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures at Baarn. *(2) F. solani Mart. var. minus Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 83. Purchased from Baarn. (3) F. lini Bolley, Catalogue No. Ag. 60. Purchased from British National Collection of Type Cultures, No. 1082. *(4) F. Martii App. et Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 77. Purchased from Baarn. (5) F. species , Catalogue No. Ag. 80. Isolated at Ardeer from infected potato haulm. (6) F. dianthi Prill, et Del., Catalogue No. Ag. 69. Purchased from British National Collection of Type Cultures No. 1136. *(7) F. uncinatum Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 75. Purchased from Baarn. ’•‘(8) F. trichothecioides Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 73. Purchased from Baarn. *(9) F. tubercularioides (Corda) Sacc., Catalogue No. Ag. 72. Purchased from Baarn. *(10) F. coerulm (Lib.) Sacc., Catalogue No. Ag. 65. Purchased from Baarn. *(11) F. salicis Fuck., Catalogue No. Ag. 69. Purchased from Baarn. *(12) F.javanicum Koorders, Catalogue No. Ag. 78. Purchased from Baarn. *(13) F.falcatum App. et Wr., Catalogue No. Ag. 82. Purchased from Baarn. *(14) F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., Catalogue No. Ag. 76. Purchased from Baarn. (15) F. sporotrichoides Sherb., Catalogue No. Ag. 58. Purchased from British National Collection of Type Cultures, No. 1296. *(16) F. sambucinum Fuck., Catalogue No. Ag. 70. Purchased from Baarn. (17) F. vasinfectum Atk., Catalogue No. Ag. 71. Purchased from Baarn. *(18) F. rhizophilum Corda, Catalogue No. Ag. 74. Purchased from Baarn. *(19) F. metachroum Ap p . et W r ., Catalogue No. Ag. 68. Purchased from Baarn. (20) F. species , Catalogue No. Ag. 61. Isolated at Ardeer from a rotting potato. *(21) F. orthoceras App . et W r ., Catalogue No. Ag. 66. Purchased from Baarn. (22) F. scirpi P amr et Fautr., Catalogue No. Ag. 79. Purchased from Baarn. (23) F. oxysporum Schlecht, Catalogue No. Ag. 67. Purchased from Baarn. Fifteen of the cultures in the above list which are marked with an asterisk were Wollenweber’s cultures purchased from Baarn. The carbon balance sheets prepared for these species are given in Tables I and II.

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