An intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin — a potential system for early lamb production

Author(s):  
A.L. Poulton ◽  
A.M. Symons ◽  
M.I. Kelly ◽  
J. Arendt

Seasonal changes in daylength (photoperiod) are effectively monitored by the eye transmitting a neural signal to the pineal gland which responds by secreting a hormone, melatonin, during the hours of darkness. Decreasing daylength is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melatonin secretion and stimulates breeding activity in sheep.It has been demonstrated that both timed (afternoon feeding and injection) and continuous (subcutaneous and vaginal implant) administration of supplementary melatonin to ewes in mid-summer mimics the effect of short or decreasing photoperiod and can advance the onset of breeding activity. Such treatments can also increase relative fecundity at early mating by phase-advancing the mid-breeding season peak in ovulation rate. As the U.K. is not sufficient in lamb production and bearing in mind the economic pressure for early lamb marketing, effective melatonin treatment offers considerable potential for commercial application.

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Haimov

AbstractBiological aging is often associated with sleep problems and daytime napping. Complaints of difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, as well as daytime drowsiness, are more common in the elderly than in any other age group. This report reviews evidence that impaired melatonin secretion is associated with sleep disorders in old age. Circulating melatonin levels have been found to be significantly lower and onset and peak times have been delayed in elderly insomniacs as compared to age-matched control subjects. In view of these findings, we investigated the effects of melatonin treatment on melatonin-deficient insomnia in the elderly. From the results of our study, it seems likely that melatonin replacement therapy may be beneficial in the initiation and maintenance of sleep in this population.


1933 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth O. Whetham

Summary1. Sexual periodicity in many animals is largely conditioned by variations in the daily light period. That egg production in hens may be controlled by the use of artificial lights has long been known.2. The action of light is probably connected with the activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary.3. The natural variation in daily light period at different latitudes has been used to study the effect of light on egg production throughout the world. Curves have been constructed of egg production grouped in 5° of latitude and the correlation with the hours of daylight at those latitudes studied.


1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Fisher ◽  
P. F. Fennessy

ABSTRACTThe effects of treating adult red deer hinds nutritional demands to coincide better with and stags with exogenous melatonin on the food production on improved pastures. One calving season in hinds were evaluated in a 2 such method has been the administration of × 2 factorial experiment. Treated stags were implanted with melatonin monthly beginning in December and hinds post calving in January, Melatonin advanced the timing of rutting behaviour in both treated stags. Calving date was significantly influenced by melatonin treatment of hinds (a mean 10-day advancement; P < 0·01) or stags (12-day advancement; P < 0·001). The interaction of hind and stag treatments was not significant, however treatment of both sexes resulted in the greatest advancement in mean calving date (21 days; P < 0·001). These results indicate that treatment of red deer hinds or stags with exogenous melatonin can result in an earlier calving season and suggest seasonally advanced stags can stimulate earlier breeding activity in hinds.


Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Reeta Pösö

The seasonal changes in the photoperiod, temperature and availability of food need to be converted to hormonal signals in order to induce adaptations in the physiology of the reindeer. The most reliable of the seasonal changes in the environment is the photoperiod, which affects the reindeer physiology through pineal gland and its hormone, melatonin. Usually there are large diurnal changes in the concentration of melatonin, but in the reindeer the daily rhythm disappears during the arctic summer to return again in the autumn. Seasonal changes in melatonin secretion are involved in the regulation of reproduction, the growth of pelage, thermogenesis, body mass and immune function. Melatonin may exert its effects through gene activation, but the mechanisms are not completely understood. Other hormones that show seasonality are thyroid hormones, insulin and leptin. Thus the observed physiological changes are a result of actions of several hormones. Appetite, energy production and thermogenesis are all vital for survival. During winter, when energy balance is negative, the reindeer uses mainly body fat for energy production. The use of fat stores is economical as the rate of lipolysis is controlled and the use of fatty acids in tissues such as muscle decreases. Only in severe starvation the rate of lipolysis increases enough to give rise to accumulation of ketone bodies. The protein mass is maintained and only in starved individuals muscle protein is used for energy production. The winter feed of the reindeer, the lichens, is poor in nitrogen and the nitrogen balance during winter is strongly negative. Reindeer responds to limited availability of nitrogen by increasing the recycling of urea into rumen. In general the adaptation of reindeer physiology enables the reindeer to survive the winter and although several aspects are known many others require further studies.Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelmä: Valaistus, lämpötila ja ravinnon saatavuus vaihtelevat vuodenajn mukaan. Jotta nämä muutokset voisivat saada aikaan adaptiivisia muutoksia porossa, ne täytyy muutta hormonisignaaleiksi. Luotettavin näistä edellä mainituista ympäristön vuodenaikaismuutoksista on valo, joka vaikuttaa poron elintoimintoihin käpylisäkkeen ja sen erittämän hormonin, melatoniinin, välityksellä. Melatoniinin plasmapitoisuuksissa on havaittavissa selkeä vuorokausirytmi, joka porolla häviää kesällä ja alkaa uudestaan syksyllä. Melatoniini-hormonin vuodenaikaisvaihtelut ovat mukana säätelemässä lisääntymistä, talvikarvan kasvua, lämmöntuottoa, elopainoa ja immuunitoimintoja. Melatoniini vaikuttaa geeniaktivaation kautta mekanismeilla, joita ei vielä tarkkaan tunneta. Muita hormoneja, joiden erityksessä on havaittu vuodenaikaisvaihtelua, ovat kilpirauhashormonit, insuliini ja leptiini. Havaitut muutokset ovat ilmeisesti usean hormonin yhteisvaikutuksen aiheuttamia. Ruokahalu sekä energian- että lämmöntuotto ovat keskeisiä hengissä säilymisen kannalta. Talvella poron energiatase on negatiivinen ja se käyttää lähinnä varastoimiaan rasvoja energian tuottoon. Rasvojen käyttö on ekonomista, sillä rasvojen hajoaminen, lipolyysi, on säädeltyä ja rasvahappojen käyttö lihaksissa vähenee talvella. Vasta vakavasti nälkiintyneissä poroissa lipolyysi aktivoituu siten, että myös ketoaineita alkaa kertyä vereen. Valkuaisaineiden määrä vähenee vähemmän kuin rasvojen ja ainoastaan nälkiintyneet porot käyttävät lihasten valkuaisaineita energiantuottoon. Poron talviravinnossa, jäkälässä, on vain vähän typpeä, joten talvisin typpitasapaino on voimakkaasti negatiivinen. Poro reagoi tähän vähäiseen typpimäärään lisäämällä urean kierrätystä pötsiin. Kokonaisuudessaan poron elintoimintojen sopeutuminen auttaa poroa selviytymään talven yli. Vaikka adaptaatiosta on joiltakin osin kertynyt runsaasti tietoa, on siinä myös paljon selvitettävää.


1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. R846-R857 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Wehr ◽  
D. E. Moul ◽  
G. Barbato ◽  
H. A. Giesen ◽  
J. A. Seidel ◽  
...  

In animals, circadian pacemakers respond to seasonal changes in day length by making corresponding adjustments in the durations of diurnal and nocturnal periods of circadian rhythms; these adjustments mediate effects of photoperiod on breeding and other seasonally recurring phenomena. Little is known about photoperiod responses of human circadian pacemakers. To investigate this question, we recorded and compared circadian rhythm profiles of 15 individuals after chronic exposures to short (8 h) and long (14 h) nights. As occurs in animals, durations of nocturnal periods of active melatonin secretion (11.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.3 h, df = 14, t = 4.583, P < 0.0005, paired t test), high prolactin secretion (12.9 +/- 2.1 vs. 9.9 +/- 2.2 h, df = 11, t = 2.917, P < 0.01), and sleep (10.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.4 h, df = 14, t = 17.122, P < 0.0005) were longer after exposure to long nights than after short ones. Durations of nocturnal periods of low rectal temperature (11.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 9.5 +/- 1.6 h, df = 12, t = 3.912, P < 0.001) and rising cortisol secretion (10.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.3 +/- 1.9 h, df = 14, t = 3.130, P < 0.005) were also longer. Some of these differences persisted during 24-h periods of enforced wakefulness in constant dim light, indicating that prior exposure to the two regimes induced abiding changes in the timing of internal processes, such as circadian pacemaker oscillations, that control the durations of nocturnal and diurnal periods of the rhythms.


Author(s):  
S. Wigzell ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
R. P. Aitken ◽  
W. A. C. McKelvey

It has previously been shown (Robinson et al., 1985) that the normal breeding season of Greyface and Scottish Blackface ewes can be advanced by the daily administration of the indoleamine melatonin; the administration of the melatonin beginning midway during the anoestrous period. If melatonin is administered towards the end of the normal breeding season, oestrous activity can be extended, but only for a period of about six weeks until the ewe becomes refractory to the melatonin treatment (Nett and Niswender, 1981). There is no information on the administration of melatonin at the beginning of the anoestrous period.In the following experiments we report results for the influence on the subsequent breeding activity of Greyface ewes of the oral administration of melatonin at the beginning of their normal period of anoestrus. We also report the results of an investigation on the effects of melatonin in advancing the breeding season of Scottish Blackface ewes maintained on either a high or low plane of nutrition. The experiments were carried out under natural daylength conditions at 57°N.


Author(s):  
W. Haresign ◽  
A.R. Peters ◽  
G.M. Webster ◽  
J.W.B. King ◽  
L.D. Staples

It has been known for many years that the annual breeding cycle of the sheep is controlled by photoperiod. More recently it has become apparent that this process involves the pineal gland. Light is effectively monitored by retinal photoreceptors within the eye which transmit a neural signal to the pineal gland, and this in turn responds by secreting melatonin during the period of darkness. As daylength decreases in the autumn, the duration of elevated melatonin secretion increases, and this changing ratio of high:low melatonin during each 24h period stimulates breeding activity.Both timed (by afternoon feeding or injection) and continuous (by subcutaneous or vaginal implant) administration of exogenous melatonin to ewes in mid-summer have recently been shown to mimic the effects of decreasing photoperiod by advancing the onset of the breeding season. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate the ability of a subcutaneous implant of melatonin to manipulate reproductive activity of ewes under field conditions in the U.K.


Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Rosa ◽  
DT Juniper ◽  
MJ Bryant

The aim of this study was to determine whether advancing the seasonal changes associated with rams by treatment with exogenous melatonin and allowing the rams previous sexual experience would increase the proportion of anoestrous ewes ovulating in early July. North Country Mule ewes (n = 225) were grouped by live body weight and body condition score and allocated randomly to the following treatments: (i) isolated from rams (control; n = 25); (ii) introduced to rams (treatment 2); (iii) introduced to rams that had mated with ewes during the previous 2 days (treatment 3); (iv) introduced to rams implanted with melatonin (treatment 4); and (v) introduced to rams that were implanted with melatonin and had mated with ewes during the previous 2 days (treatment 5). Treatments 2-5 were replicated (2 x 25 ewes) and two rams were introduced to each replicate group. Introductions began on 4 July and were completed by 11 July. The rams were withdrawn from the ewes after 8 days. Melatonin was administered as a subcutaneous implant (Regulin((R))) on 22 May and again on 20 June. Blood samples were taken from all rams to determine plasma melatonin and testosterone concentrations (19 samples in 6 h). The behaviour of the sheep was videotaped continuously during the first 3 h after the ram was introduced. Ovulation was detected by an increase in plasma progesterone concentrations from < 0.5 ng ml(-1) to > 0.5 ng ml(-1). Mean +/- SE plasma melatonin concentrations were 649.7 +/- 281.4 and 18.3 +/- 2.4 pg ml(-1) in rams with and without melatonin implants, respectively (P < 0.001). Melatonin implants also increased plasma testosterone concentrations from 4.30 +/- 1.88 to 10.10 +/- 1.10 ng ml(-1) (P < 0.01), the libido of the rams and the proportion of ewes that ovulated in response to the rams (43 and 56% (treatments 4 and 5) versus 24% (treatments 2 and 3)). In conclusion, implanting rams with melatonin before introducing them to seasonally anoestrous ewes increases the proportion of ewes that ovulate in response to introduction of a ram, but previous sexual experience of rams appears to have little or no effect.


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