Certification/Classification Targets for Beef

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
R M Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Payment Scheme ◽  
Certification Standard ◽  
The Difference

Successive UK Governments have supported the market for finished cattle by various subsidy schemes. One of these depended on making up the difference between the average market price and a predetermined guaranteed price on an individual animal basis when market prices fell below the guaranteed price. To operate this deficiency payment scheme the classes of stock eligible for payment had to be defined and their average market price calculated, and so the concept of a “certification standard” or grade evolved.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DETERMINING THE MARKET PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES WITHIN THE LIMITED BUDGET

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Serhii Sichnyi
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Optimization ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Initial List

The article examines the analysis of current prices in the market of building materials, products, structures, machines, and mechanisms (construction resources), which is performed by construction participants. The aim of the article is to study the possibility of achieving the maximum economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources within a limited budget. A universal mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources, which is based on a selective method of the research of the market value of construction resources. The calculations take into account the difference between the real resources presented on the market and the estimated construction resources (resource position of the estimate), between the market price and the estimated market price of the construction resource. While performing the analysis of current prices on the market of construction resources in the given conditions of the limited budget the option to reduce the general list of resources by a selection of the optimum list with an application of methods of discrete optimization is offered. The condition for the formation of an abbreviated list of resources is the maximum economic effect that can be obtained from the analysis of current prices for selected resources. Method of heuristic rules is proposed, which allow to significantly reducing the initial list of resources by a simple analysis of input data. The application of these rules allows to reduce the variability of input data for discrete optimization or not to carry it out at all, because the amount of resources selected with their help satisfies the condition of the budget constraint. Recommendations on the composition of the source data are given – this is the project documentation and/or the market price of construction resources as a basis for comparison and information on the range of market prices (scope of sample variation) for the resources included in the study. In the article there are given examples of the practical application of the technique in the conditions of the construction industry in Ukraine. In general, the proposed approach can be used at all stages of variant BIMdesign, when it is necessary to determine the most optimal composition of structures and resources that meet the requirements for the life cycle of the object. Including under the condition of gradual detailing of constructs (an increase of LOD of the project), during designing, up to resources at a stage “Working project”. The main advantages of the proposed method are universality – it does not depend on the ultimate goal of the results of the customer and / or contractor and scalability – it can be applied to the structure, its individual design, or several resources.

Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach of a Contract for the Sale of Goods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 14 concerns formulas for measuring expectation damages for breach of a contract for the sale of goods. If the buyer breaches one of three formulas may be used to measure the seller’s damages. If the seller resells the goods she should normally be entitled to the difference between the resale price and the contract price. If the seller does not resell the goods she should normally be entitled to recover the difference between the market price of the goods and the contract price. A third formula is based on the seller’s lost profit, measured by the difference between the seller’s variable costs of performance and the contract price. If the seller breaches one of three formulas may also be applied. If the goods are defective the buyer can recover damages for the defect. If the seller fails to deliver the goods the buyer can either cover and sue for cover damages or not cover and sue for market-prices damages. A buyer cannot sue for lost profits as direct or general damages, but can sue for lost profits if it was reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made that if the seller failed to deliver the goods the buyer would incur the lost profits.

scholarly journals Is There A Difference Between Domestic And Foreign Risk Premium? The Case Of China Stock Market

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Frederic Teulon ◽  
Khaled Guesmi ◽  
Salma Fattoum
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Market Price Of Risk ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Price Of Risk ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Difference

This article studies the dynamic return and market price of risk for Chinese stocks (A-B shares). A Multivariate DCC-GARCH model is used to capture the feature of time-varying volatility in stock returns. We show evidence of different pricing mechanisms explained by the difference in the expected return and market price of risk between A and B shares. However, the significance of the difference between market prices of risk disappears if GARCH models are used.

The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

How the United Kingdom Controls Pharmaceutical Prices and Spending: Learning From Its Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199709
Author(s):  
Marc A. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices ◽  
Limit Access

To control costs and improve access, nations can adopt strategies employed in the United Kingdom to control pharmaceutical prices and spending. Current policy evolved from a system created in 1957 that allowed manufacturers to set launch prices, capped manufacturers’ rates of return, and later cut list prices. These policies did not effectively control spending and had limited effects on purchase prices. The United Kingdom currently controls pharmaceutical spending in 4 ways. (a) Since 1999, it has typically paid no more than is cost-effective. (b) Since 2017, for medicines that will have a significant budget impact, National Health Service England seeks discounts from cost-effective prices or seeks to limit access for 2 years to patients with the greatest need. (c) Since 2014, statutes and a voluntary scheme have required branded manufacturers to pay the government rebates to recoup the difference between the global pharmaceutical budget and actual spending. (d) For hospitals, generics and some patented drugs are procured through competitive bidding; community pharmacies are reimbursed through a system that provides an incentive to beat average generic market prices. These policies controlled the growth of spending, with the largest effects following budget controls in 2014. Changes since 2008 have reduced savings, first by paying more than is cost-effective for cancer drugs and then by applying higher cost-effectiveness thresholds for some drugs used to treat cancer and certain other drugs.

UJI TINGKAT KESESUAIAN NILAI JUAL OBJEK PAJAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI ASSESSMENT RATIO

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Swasito Adhipradana Prabu
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Better Than

The decentralization of PBB-P2 in Indonesia is expected to produce a better PBB-P2 administration system. One indicator of a better PBB-P2 administration system is a fair collection of PBB-P2 based on tax base (NJOP) valuation close to market prices. This study examines whether NJOP, as the basis for the imposition of PBB-P2, is in accordance with the market price using the assessment ratio. This study found that the current level of accuracy of the NJOP has not met the standard agreed upon by the IAAO. In addition, this study also found that the NJOP accuracy rate in big cities was slightly better than the NJOP accuracy rate in other cities. In addition, this study also found that there was no positive correlation between NJOP updating activities through SPOP filling and NJOP accuracy. Desentralisasi PBB-P2 di Indonesia diharapkan menghasilkan sistem penatausahaan PBB-P2 yang lebih baik. Salah satu indikator dari sistem penatausahaan PBB-P2 yang lebih baik adalah pemungutan PBB-P2 yang adil dengan dasar pengenaan pajak (NJOP) yang mendekati harga pasar. Studi ini meneliti apakah NJOP sebagai dasar pengenaan PBB-P2 sudah sesuai dengan harga pasar menggunakan assessment ratio. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tingkat akurasi NJOP saat ini belum memenuhi standar yang disepakati oleh IAAO. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat akurasi NJOP di kota besar, sedikit lebih baik dibanding tingkaat akurasi NJOP di kota-kota lainnya. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tidak ada korelasi positif antara kegiatan pemutakhiran NJOP melalui pengisian SPOP dengan tingkat akurasi NJOP.

scholarly journals Fractional differencing in stock market price and online presence of global tourist corporations

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (48) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Flores-Muñoz ◽  
Alberto Javier Báez-García ◽  
Josué Gutiérrez-Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Online Presence ◽  
Fractional Differencing

Purpose This work aims to explore the behavior of stock market prices according to the autoregressive fractional differencing integrated moving average model. This behavior will be compared with a measure of online presence, search engine results as measured by Google Trends. Design/methodology/approach The study sample is comprised by the companies listed at the STOXX® Global 3000 Travel and Leisure. Google Finance and Yahoo Finance, along with Google Trends, were used, respectively, to obtain the data of stock prices and search results, for a period of five years (October 2012 to October 2017). To guarantee certain comparability between the two data sets, weekly observations were collected, with a total figure of 118 firms, two time series each (price and search results), around 61,000 observations. Findings Relationships between the two data sets are explored, with theoretical implications for the fields of economics, finance and management. Tourist corporations were analyzed owing to their growing economic impact. The estimations are initially consistent with long memory; so, they suggest that both stock market prices and online search trends deserve further exploration for modeling and forecasting. Significant differences owing to country and sector effects are also shown. Originality/value This research contributes in two different ways: it demonstrate the potential of a new tool for the analysis of relevant time series to monitor the behavior of firms and markets, and it suggests several theoretical pathways for further research in the specific topics of asymmetry of information and corporate transparency, proposing pertinent bridges between the two fields.

scholarly journals Principles of Good Faith in Harmonization of Partnership Cooperation on the Distribution of Nine Food Ingredients at PT Sarana PanganMadani, Pekanbaru City

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 388-397
Author(s):  
Yeni Triana ◽  
Handana
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The problem of limited knowledge of partners about agreements or contracts in general, and in particular regarding the principle of good faith in business activities faced by business actors and company management, which generally consists of millennial youth, which can be said to be still lacking in understanding the principle of commitment well, as a guideline in carrying out the actions of a company, especially companies with legal entities, such as Limited Liability Companies, where PT Sarana PanganMadani, has established many partnerships, which of course must keep the relationship harmonious, sometimes the relationship is already running, due to limited knowledge, experience, there was a clash that would definitely hinder good relations, both parties, for example, at the beginning of the negotiation there was an agreement, which gave birth to a partnership to distribute the nine staples, but in its implementation, there were obstacles, which caused Due to the difference in prices, even though at the beginning of the negotiation the price was already agreed to, but there was a change, which was due to an increase in market prices or production prices, so that the price that was agreed upon earlier, of course changed, this change is a problem of misunderstanding between the two parties, according to Partners. PT Sarana PanganMadani, the company raised prices unilaterally, while from the PT stated that due to changes in market prices, this is one example which is a significant obstacle, resulting in inconsistencies in the development of partner businesses which are good business groups providing distribution of nine staples daily activities, as well as providing business capital to develop agricultural land, as well as services, ranging from basic materials to packaging ready to be marketed. In this community service program, the priority issue agreed upon by the PKM FH Unilak proposer together with his partner, PT Sarana PanganMadani, to be resolved is to provide understanding through legal counseling about the principles of good faith in cooperating with the business community. Thus, after the program is implemented, it is hoped that partners will gain a correct understanding and have knowledge of agreements or contracts in general, and in particular the principles of good faith in this partnership. The method that will be used in this community service is to use lectures that will be directly at the PT Sarana PanganMadani office.

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF ECONOMICAL‐MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LAND MARKET

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Gintautas Šatkauskas
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Noise Background ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Sufficient Precision

Input parameters, ie factors defining the market price of agricultural‐purpose land, are interrelated very often by means of non‐linear ties. Strength of these ties is rather different and this limits usefulness of information in the research process of land market prices. Influence of input parameter changes to the input parameters in case when there are rather substantial changes may be determined in someone direction with a sufficient precision, whereas in other directions with comparatively small changes of input parameters this influence is difficult to be separated from the “noise” background. Taking into account the above‐listed circumstances, the concept of economical‐mathematical model of land market should be as follows: there is carried out re‐parameterisation of the process by means of introduction of new parameters in such a way that the new parameters are not interrelated, and the full process is evaluated at the minimal number of these parameters. These requirements are met by the main components of the input parameters. Then normalisation of the main components is carried out and dependencies on new parameters are determined. It is easier to interpret the dependencies obtained having reduced the number of input parameters and the higher the non‐linearity of interrelations of primary land market data, the greater effect of normalisation of input-parameter components. The results are compared with the valuations of experts.

scholarly journals Methodological Choices In Detecting Divergent Earnings

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Doran
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical Methods ◽  
Expected Earnings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reported Earnings ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Batang;">This paper empirically tests for methodological superiority in detecting divergent earnings (the difference between actual and expected earnings).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Divergent earnings are generated using Value Line forecasted and reported earnings data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Two hundred random samples of 100 cases each are drawn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>One hundred independent two sample tests are performed with 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10 % positive earnings introduced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The two sample tests are performed using both parametric (t test), and nonparametric (Mann Whitney test) statistics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>They are performed on the &ldquo;divergent earnings&rdquo; data deflated by: 1) forecasted earnings , and 2) the market price of the stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The results indicate that the superior alternative is nonparametric statistical methods based upon ranks, and the deflator choice under these nonparametric methods is of little consequence.</span></span></span></p>

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