scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DETERMINING THE MARKET PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES WITHIN THE LIMITED BUDGET

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Serhii Sichnyi
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Optimization ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Initial List

The article examines the analysis of current prices in the market of building materials, products, structures, machines, and mechanisms (construction resources), which is performed by construction participants. The aim of the article is to study the possibility of achieving the maximum economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources within a limited budget. A universal mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources, which is based on a selective method of the research of the market value of construction resources. The calculations take into account the difference between the real resources presented on the market and the estimated construction resources (resource position of the estimate), between the market price and the estimated market price of the construction resource. While performing the analysis of current prices on the market of construction resources in the given conditions of the limited budget the option to reduce the general list of resources by a selection of the optimum list with an application of methods of discrete optimization is offered. The condition for the formation of an abbreviated list of resources is the maximum economic effect that can be obtained from the analysis of current prices for selected resources. Method of heuristic rules is proposed, which allow to significantly reducing the initial list of resources by a simple analysis of input data. The application of these rules allows to reduce the variability of input data for discrete optimization or not to carry it out at all, because the amount of resources selected with their help satisfies the condition of the budget constraint. Recommendations on the composition of the source data are given – this is the project documentation and/or the market price of construction resources as a basis for comparison and information on the range of market prices (scope of sample variation) for the resources included in the study. In the article there are given examples of the practical application of the technique in the conditions of the construction industry in Ukraine. In general, the proposed approach can be used at all stages of variant BIMdesign, when it is necessary to determine the most optimal composition of structures and resources that meet the requirements for the life cycle of the object. Including under the condition of gradual detailing of constructs (an increase of LOD of the project), during designing, up to resources at a stage “Working project”. The main advantages of the proposed method are universality – it does not depend on the ultimate goal of the results of the customer and / or contractor and scalability – it can be applied to the structure, its individual design, or several resources.

Weighted average price management of sales under the given minimum volume of assets obligatory for realization

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150035
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Svetlov ◽  
Sergey A. Vavilov
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Minimum Volume ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Time Period ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Asset Trading ◽  
Model Coefficient ◽  
The Given

In this paper, we consider the construction of a sales management strategy for a highly liquid asset trading at the market. The proposed strategy goal is to maximize the weighted average price of sales. It is assumed that the market price follows a geometric Brownian motion process in which drift and volatility coefficients are random functions of time. The important feature of the given management is that the volumes of assets in the succession of buy and sell executed bargains are calculated exclusively on the basis of the observed market prices rather than on the model coefficient values. In contrast to the management proposed earlier in this study, obligatory realization of some minimum volume of assets on the given time period is demanded. Examples of real-world markets trade demonstrating the imposed constraints effect on the weighted average price values obtained within the constructed management are given.

Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach of a Contract for the Sale of Goods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 14 concerns formulas for measuring expectation damages for breach of a contract for the sale of goods. If the buyer breaches one of three formulas may be used to measure the seller’s damages. If the seller resells the goods she should normally be entitled to the difference between the resale price and the contract price. If the seller does not resell the goods she should normally be entitled to recover the difference between the market price of the goods and the contract price. A third formula is based on the seller’s lost profit, measured by the difference between the seller’s variable costs of performance and the contract price. If the seller breaches one of three formulas may also be applied. If the goods are defective the buyer can recover damages for the defect. If the seller fails to deliver the goods the buyer can either cover and sue for cover damages or not cover and sue for market-prices damages. A buyer cannot sue for lost profits as direct or general damages, but can sue for lost profits if it was reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made that if the seller failed to deliver the goods the buyer would incur the lost profits.

scholarly journals Is There A Difference Between Domestic And Foreign Risk Premium? The Case Of China Stock Market

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Frederic Teulon ◽  
Khaled Guesmi ◽  
Salma Fattoum
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Market Price Of Risk ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Price Of Risk ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Difference

This article studies the dynamic return and market price of risk for Chinese stocks (A-B shares). A Multivariate DCC-GARCH model is used to capture the feature of time-varying volatility in stock returns. We show evidence of different pricing mechanisms explained by the difference in the expected return and market price of risk between A and B shares. However, the significance of the difference between market prices of risk disappears if GARCH models are used.

Certification/Classification Targets for Beef

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
R M Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Payment Scheme ◽  
Certification Standard ◽  
The Difference

Successive UK Governments have supported the market for finished cattle by various subsidy schemes. One of these depended on making up the difference between the average market price and a predetermined guaranteed price on an individual animal basis when market prices fell below the guaranteed price. To operate this deficiency payment scheme the classes of stock eligible for payment had to be defined and their average market price calculated, and so the concept of a “certification standard” or grade evolved.

Assessing Impact of Freshwater Lake Ecosystem on Residential Property Prices using Hedonic Property Pricing approach: Evidence from Vellayanilake of Kerala

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-130
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
Property Price ◽  
Valuation Technique ◽  
Hedonic Property ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The ecosystem services provided by wetlands can be direct or indirect. The direct services can be mostly valued through market prices, but the indirect service like aesthetic beauty and its impact on property prices surrounding the natural resource cannot be directly measured. To single out the economic effect of particular amenity which influenced the land property prices, the advanced valuation technique Hedonic property pricing was most popularly used. In this study, it was attempted to assess using the hedonic property pricing technique, the impact of the presence of the freshwater body, the Vellayani Lake on land property prices surrounding it. The results revealed that the marginal implicit price of getting one cent of land with lake view evaluated at mean property price of Rs. 2,44250 was Rs.79171. The total aesthetic value of land with the scenic beauty of the lake was Rs. 275.92 crores.

The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

scholarly journals Variety resistance of winter barley to powdery mildew in the field in 1976−2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Mildew Resistance ◽  
Average Resistance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Resistance Of Varieties

The results of evaluation of powdery mildew resistance in winter barley varieties in 285 Czech Official Trials conducted at 20 locations were analysed. Over the period, the number of varieties tested per year increased from four to seven in 1976−1985 to 53−61 in 2002−2005. To assess the resistance of varieties, only trials with sufficient disease severity were used. In 1976−2000, six varieties (1.7% of the varieties tested in the given years) ranked among resistant (average resistance of a variety in a year > 7.5) including NR-468 possessing the gene <i>Mla13</i>, KM-2099 with <i>mlo</i> and Marinka with the genes <i>Mla7</i>, <i>MlaMu2</i>. In 2001−2005, already 33 varieties (16.9%) ranked among resistant, of which Traminer possessing the genes <i>Ml(St)</i> and <i>Ml(IM9 </i> dominated. The proportion of susceptible varieties (average resistance ≤ 5.5) did not change in the two mentioned periods. Two-rowed varieties began to be tested as late as in 1990 (the first variety was Danilo), however, no difference was found in the resistance of two- and six-rowed varieties. Using an example of two pairs of varieties (Dura-Miraj and Marinka-Tiffany) with identical genes for specific resistance but with different resistance in the field, the efficiency of non-specific resistance is discussed. The resistance of domestic and foreign varieties was similar in 1994−2000; however, in 2001−2005 the difference was 0.75 point to disadvantage of domestic ones.

How the United Kingdom Controls Pharmaceutical Prices and Spending: Learning From Its Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199709
Author(s):  
Marc A. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices ◽  
Limit Access

To control costs and improve access, nations can adopt strategies employed in the United Kingdom to control pharmaceutical prices and spending. Current policy evolved from a system created in 1957 that allowed manufacturers to set launch prices, capped manufacturers’ rates of return, and later cut list prices. These policies did not effectively control spending and had limited effects on purchase prices. The United Kingdom currently controls pharmaceutical spending in 4 ways. (a) Since 1999, it has typically paid no more than is cost-effective. (b) Since 2017, for medicines that will have a significant budget impact, National Health Service England seeks discounts from cost-effective prices or seeks to limit access for 2 years to patients with the greatest need. (c) Since 2014, statutes and a voluntary scheme have required branded manufacturers to pay the government rebates to recoup the difference between the global pharmaceutical budget and actual spending. (d) For hospitals, generics and some patented drugs are procured through competitive bidding; community pharmacies are reimbursed through a system that provides an incentive to beat average generic market prices. These policies controlled the growth of spending, with the largest effects following budget controls in 2014. Changes since 2008 have reduced savings, first by paying more than is cost-effective for cancer drugs and then by applying higher cost-effectiveness thresholds for some drugs used to treat cancer and certain other drugs.

scholarly journals Method for Sizing of a PV System for Family Home Using Economic Indicators

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4529
Author(s):  
Zvonimir Šimić ◽  
Danijel Topić ◽  
Ilija Crnogorac ◽  
Goran Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
System Size ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Output Data ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity

This paper presents a method for finding an optimal photovoltaic (PV) system according to Croatian legislation. The PV sizing model, in which a decision on investment is made according to economic indicators, is made using MATLAB Software. Based on the input data, the monthly PV system production is calculated, and electricity price formed. According to the PV system production and electricity price, economic indicators are calculated and obtained as output data. The model input data are solar irradiation, load diagram, PV system costs and market price of electricity while the model output data are PV system production, savings, profit, incomes, Net Present Value (NPV) and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). The obtained economic indicators are presented graphically and used for decision making on an optimal PV system size. The presented model is applied and presented in a case study.

scholarly journals Some remarks on the stability of the Cauchy equation and completeness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Fripertinger ◽  
Jens Schwaiger
Keyword(s):  
Normed Space ◽  
Additive Function ◽  
Functional Equations ◽  
Constant Function ◽  
Cauchy Equation ◽  
Cauchy Difference ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Given

AbstractIt was proved in Forti and Schwaiger (C R Math Acad Sci Soc R Can 11(6):215–220, 1989), Schwaiger (Aequ Math 35:120–121, 1988) and with different methods in Schwaiger (Developments in functional equations and related topics. Selected papers based on the presentations at the 16th international conference on functional equations and inequalities, ICFEI, Bȩdlewo, Poland, May 17–23, 2015, Springer, Cham, pp 275–295, 2017) that under the assumption that every function defined on suitable abelian semigroups with values in a normed space such that the norm of its Cauchy difference is bounded by a constant (function) is close to some additive function, i.e., the norm of the difference between the given function and that additive function is also bounded by a constant, the normed space must necessarily be complete. By Schwaiger (Ann Math Sil 34:151–163, 2020) this is also true in the non-archimedean case. Here we discuss the situation when the bound is a suitable non-constant function.

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