The Automation of Merchant Ships

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
A. Wepster
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Working Community ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Board Ship

The Dutch professor Polak has suggested that an increasing number of higher order specific human thinking functions such as memory, supervision, guidance, schooling, &c. will soon be eliminated and replaced by machines. This sounds alarming, but it should be viewed against the general background of the relationship between man and electronics. The entire structure of the working community in general, and on board ship in particular, is already and will be further influenced and changed by the ever increasing introduction of electronics in general and remote control and automation in whatever form in particular.

scholarly journals Network-based approaches to quantify multicellular development

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (135) ◽  
pp. 20170484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. B. Jackson ◽  
Salva Duran-Nebreda ◽  
George W. Bassel
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Multicellular Development ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Multicellularity and cellular cooperation confer novel functions on organs following a structure–function relationship. How regulated cell migration, division and differentiation events generate cellular arrangements has been investigated, providing insight into the regulation of genetically encoded patterning processes. Much less is known about the higher-order properties of cellular organization within organs, and how their functional coordination through global spatial relations shape and constrain organ function. Key questions to be addressed include: why are cells organized in the way they are? What is the significance of the patterns of cellular organization selected for by evolution? What other configurations are possible? These may be addressed through a combination of global cellular interaction mapping and network science to uncover the relationship between organ structure and function. Using this approach, global cellular organization can be discretized and analysed, providing a quantitative framework to explore developmental processes. Each of the local and global properties of integrated multicellular systems can be analysed and compared across different tissues and models in discrete terms. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image analysis continue to make cellular interaction mapping possible in an increasing variety of biological systems and tissues, broadening the further potential application of this approach. Understanding the higher-order properties of complex cellular assemblies provides the opportunity to explore the evolution and constraints of cell organization, establishing structure–function relationships that can guide future organ design.

Linking transformational leadership and “multi-dimensions” of project success

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Zaman ◽  
Shahid Nawaz ◽  
Sidra Tariq ◽  
Asad Afzal Humayoun
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Transformational leadership, flexibility and visibility improves project responsiveness to highly unpredictable and impactful events referred as the ‘black swans’ in mega projects (Bloch et al., 2012; Raziq et al., 2018; Zailani et al., 2016). However, these concepts have never been empirically tested in a single framework to determine their significant impact on multi-dimensional project success. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interactional effects of project flexibility and project visibility on the relationship between transformational leadership and “multi-dimensions” of project success including meeting design goals; impact on customers and benefits to project-based organization. Design/methodology/approach Empirical data derived from cross-sectional survey of 160 project managers from telecom intensive companies in Pakistan were used to test the conceptual framework developed from recent literature. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) provided detailed analysis of the measurement and structural model. The most recent reflective–formative PLS-SEM approach for higher-order constructs has been introduced. Findings The results indicate that project managers’ transformational leadership (β = 0.348, p < 0.01), project flexibility (β = 0.221, p < 0.01) and project visibility (β = 0.366, p < 0.01) are positively related with the multi-dimensional project success (second-order formative) construct. Interestingly, the relationship between transformational leadership and project success is influenced by significantly negative moderations established through project flexibility (β = −0.100, p < 0.01) and project visibility (β = −0.093, p < 0.05). Research limitations/implications This study in the telecom sector examined the interactional effects of risk mitigating strategies (i.e. project flexibility and project visibility) on the relationship between transformational leadership and multi-dimensional project success. This study creates a basis for future investigations extending to various project types and relevant to different industries especially those involving higher-order (formative) assessments of project success. Practical implications The study findings assist project leaders to meet their escalating commitments in achieving project success from a multi-dimensional standpoint. Additionally, this study underscores a renewed perspective of transformational leadership and project outcomes. Despite prevailing understanding developed through prior research, transformational leadership may become less favorable for project success in conditions of increased flexibility and visibility in projects. Originality/value Earlier studies have overlooked the multi-dimensional nature of project success (second-order formative) construct, despite several attempts to examine the interplay between transformational leadership and project success. Based on the knowledge gap and non-existence of empirical evidence, the authors introduced and empirically tested the moderating role of project flexibility and project visibility in the relationship between transformational leadership and multi-dimensional project success.

scholarly journals How Young “Early Birds” Prefer Preservation, Appreciation and Utilization of Nature

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Raab ◽  
Christoph Randler ◽  
Franz Bogner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Value Model ◽  
The Relationship

Since the 1990s, the Two Major Environmental Value model (2-MEV) has been applied to measure adolescent environmental attitudes by covering two higher order factors: (i) Preservation of Nature (PRE) which measures protection preferences and (ii) Utilization of Nature (UTL) which quantifies preferences towards exploitation of nature. In addition to the 2-MEV scale, we monitored the Appreciation of Nature (APR) which, in contrast to the UTL, monitors the enjoyable utilization of nature. Finally, we employed the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) which monitors the diurnal preferences and associates with personality and behavioral traits. In this study, we analyzed data from 429 Irish students (14.65 years; ±1.89 SD) with the aim of reconfirming the factor structure of the 2-MEV+APR and monitoring the relationship between the MESC and the environmental values (PRE, UTL, APR). Our findings identified a significant association between PRE and APR with MESC. In addition, we observed a gender difference. Our results suggest that morningness preference students are more likely to be protective of and appreciative towards nature. Recommendations for outreach programs as well as conclusions for environmental education initiatives in general are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of the level of cognitive processing between case-based items and non-case-based items on the Interuniversity Progress Test of Medicine in the Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Cecilio-Fernandes ◽  
Wouter Kerdijk ◽  
Andreas Johannes Bremers ◽  
Wytze Aalders ◽  
René Anton Tio
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Progress Test ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Phi Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Case Based

Purpose: It is assumed that case-based questions require higher-order cognitive processing, whereas questions that are not case-based require lower-order cognitive processing. In this study, we investigated to what extent case-based and non-case-based questions followed this assumption based on Bloom’s taxonomy.Methods: In this article, 4,800 questions from the Interuniversity Progress Test of Medicine were classified based on whether they were case-based and on the level of Bloom’s taxonomy that they involved. Lower-order questions require students to remember or/and have a basic understanding of knowledge. Higher-order questions require students to apply, analyze, or/and evaluate. The phi coefficient was calculated to investigate the relationship between whether questions were case-based and the required level of cognitive processing.Results: Our results demonstrated that 98.1% of case-based questions required higher-level cognitive processing. Of the non-case-based questions, 33.7% required higher-level cognitive processing. The phi coefficient demonstrated a significant, but moderate correlation between the presence of a patient case in a question and its required level of cognitive processing (phi coefficient= 0.55, P< 0.001).Conclusion: Medical instructors should be aware of the association between item format (case-based versus non-case-based) and the cognitive processes they elicit in order to meet the desired balance in a test, taking the learning objectives and the test difficulty into account.

scholarly journals Totally Umbilical Lightlike Hypersurfaces in Robertson-Walker Spacetimes

ISRN Geometry ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong Dong ◽  
Ximin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mean Curvature ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Totally Umbilical ◽  
Lightlike Hypersurface ◽  
Higher Order Mean Curvature ◽  
Lightlike Hypersurfaces ◽  
The Relationship

We study the problem of lightlike hypersurface immersed into Robertson-Walker (RW) spacetimes in this paper, where the screen bundle of the hypersurface has constant higher order mean curvature. We consider the following question: under what conditions is the compact lightlike hypersurface totally umbilical? Our approach is based on the relationship between the lightlike hypersurface with its screen bundle and the Minkowski formulae for the screen bundle.

How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Attitudes ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Prior Model ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Third Person ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFour different accounts of the relationship between third-person mindreading and first-person metacognition are compared and evaluated. While three of them endorse the existence of introspection for propositional attitudes, the fourth (defended here) claims that our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves. Section 1 of this target article introduces the four accounts. Section 2 develops the “mindreading is prior” model in more detail, showing how it predicts introspection for perceptual and quasi-perceptual (e.g., imagistic) mental events while claiming that metacognitive access to our own attitudes always results from swift unconscious self-interpretation. This section also considers the model's relationship to the expression of attitudes in speech. Section 3 argues that the commonsense belief in the existence of introspection should be given no weight. Section 4 argues briefly that data from childhood development are of no help in resolving this debate. Section 5 considers the evolutionary claims to which the different accounts are committed, and argues that the three introspective views make predictions that are not borne out by the data. Section 6 examines the extensive evidence that people often confabulate when self-attributing attitudes. Section 7 considers “two systems” accounts of human thinking and reasoning, arguing that although there are introspectableeventswithin System 2, there are no introspectableattitudes. Section 8 examines alleged evidence of “unsymbolized thinking”. Section 9 considers the claim that schizophrenia exhibits a dissociation between mindreading and metacognition. Finally, section 10 evaluates the claim that autism presents a dissociation in the opposite direction, of metacognition without mindreading.

scholarly journals Solution of Higher-Order ODEs Using Backward Difference Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bin Suleiman ◽  
Zarina Bibi Binti Ibrahim ◽  
Ahmad Fadly Nurullah Bin Rasedee
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Relationship

The current numerical technique for solving a system of higher-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is to reduce it to a system of first-order equations then solving it using first-order ODE methods. Here, we propose a method to solve higher-order ODEs directly. The formulae will be derived in terms of backward difference in a constant stepsize formulation. The method developed will be validated by solving some higher-order ODEs directly with constant stepsize. To simplify the evaluations of the integration coefficients, we find the relationship between various orders. The result presented confirmed our hypothesis.

scholarly journals The aesthetic preference for nature sounds depends on sound object recognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Charles Van Hedger ◽  
Howard Nusbaum ◽  
Shannon Heald ◽  
Alex Huang ◽  
Hiroki Kotabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Aesthetic Response ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Relationship

People across the world seek out beautiful sounds in nature, such as a babbling brook or a nightingale song, for positive human experiences. However, it is unclear whether this positive aesthetic response is driven by a preference for the perceptual features typical of nature sounds versus a higher-order association of nature with beauty. To test these hypotheses, participants provided aesthetic judgments for nature and urban soundscapes that varied on ease of recognition. Results demonstrated that the aesthetic preference for nature soundscapes was eliminated for the sounds hardest to recognize, and moreover the relationship between aesthetic ratings and several measured acoustic features significantly changed as a function of recognition. In a follow-up experiment, requiring participants to classify these difficult-to-identify sounds into nature or urban categories resulted in a robust preference for nature sounds and a relationship between aesthetic ratings and our measured acoustic features that was more typical of easy-to-identify sounds. This pattern of results was replicated with computer-generated artificial noises, which acoustically shared properties with the nature and urban soundscapes but by definition did not come from these environments. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that the recognition of a sound as either natural or urban dynamically organizes the relationship between aesthetic preference and perceptual features.

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