scholarly journals Comparison of the level of cognitive processing between case-based items and non-case-based items on the Interuniversity Progress Test of Medicine in the Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Cecilio-Fernandes ◽  
Wouter Kerdijk ◽  
Andreas Johannes Bremers ◽  
Wytze Aalders ◽  
René Anton Tio
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Progress Test ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Phi Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Case Based

Purpose: It is assumed that case-based questions require higher-order cognitive processing, whereas questions that are not case-based require lower-order cognitive processing. In this study, we investigated to what extent case-based and non-case-based questions followed this assumption based on Bloom’s taxonomy.Methods: In this article, 4,800 questions from the Interuniversity Progress Test of Medicine were classified based on whether they were case-based and on the level of Bloom’s taxonomy that they involved. Lower-order questions require students to remember or/and have a basic understanding of knowledge. Higher-order questions require students to apply, analyze, or/and evaluate. The phi coefficient was calculated to investigate the relationship between whether questions were case-based and the required level of cognitive processing.Results: Our results demonstrated that 98.1% of case-based questions required higher-level cognitive processing. Of the non-case-based questions, 33.7% required higher-level cognitive processing. The phi coefficient demonstrated a significant, but moderate correlation between the presence of a patient case in a question and its required level of cognitive processing (phi coefficient= 0.55, P< 0.001).Conclusion: Medical instructors should be aware of the association between item format (case-based versus non-case-based) and the cognitive processes they elicit in order to meet the desired balance in a test, taking the learning objectives and the test difficulty into account.

Achievement in School in Relation to Simultaneous and Sequential Cognitive Processes among Young Egyptian Students

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadia Z. Elwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Simultaneous Synthesis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reading Decoding

The present study was designed to examine whether a relationship exists between scores on simultaneous and sequential cognitive processes, on one hand, and performance on the Reading Decoding and Arithmetic subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K–ABC), on the other hand, using a sample of 170 Egyptian school children in Grades 1, 3, and 5. To examine the differential magnitudes of the relationship between scores for cognitive processing and school achievement a two by two (simultaneous × sequential) analysis of variance was calculated with reading decoding and arithmetic scores as dependent variables. The results indicated that cognitive processing, especially simultaneous synthesis, is related to arithmetic as well as decoding during reading. Scores on sequential processing were not significantly related to scores for decoding reading and may not be important as simultaneous processing for mathematical skills. The findings were interpreted in the context of the Arabic orthographic system and in view of the nature of the cognitive and mathematical tasks employed in this study.

scholarly journals 1070 An Examination of the Relationship Between Language Use in Post-Trauma Nightmares and Psychological Sequelae in a Treatment Seeking Population

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A407-A408
Author(s):  
C Paquet ◽  
J Davis
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptom ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Studying language use in dreams and nightmares has become an increasingly used tool to understand underlying emotional and cognitive processes. Specifically, in regards to post-trauma nightmares (PTNMs), nightmare transcriptions can offer a lens to understand a survivor’s interpretation of their trauma. The current study will utilize a method of quantitative text analysis to analyze the relationship between specific psychological constructs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmare qualities. It is hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between words related to perceptual processes and negative emotions in nightmares and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. There will be a negative correlation between cognitive processes and positive emotion words, and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. Methods Fifty-three nightmares were collected from participants that were recruited from the community in a Midwestern city as part of an ongoing investigation of the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for PTNM, Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT). All participants were over the age of 18, have experienced a criterion A trauma, and have nightmares at least once weekly. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was utilized to analyze the nightmare transcriptions. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Trauma-related Nightmare Survey (TRNS) were used to measure symptom severity. A Pearson’s correlation analysis was used for this exploratory study. Results Words related to perceptual processes were significantly positively correlated with PTSD symptom and nightmare severity (p&lt;.05) Neither negative nor positive emotion words were significantly related to PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p&gt;.05). Cognitive processing words were significantly negatively correlated with PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p&lt;.05). Conclusion The results of this study support the hypothesis that language use in nightmares reveals important information about underlying cognitive and emotional functioning. The results of this study may have an important impact on treatment considerations for those who have experienced trauma. Analyzing language use in PTNM may help to understand the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Support Support for this study comes from the University of Tulsa Institute of Trauma, Adversity, and Injustice.

scholarly journals Using the Revised Bloom Taxonomy to Analyze Psychotherapeutic Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Priscilla Haring ◽  
Harald Warmelink ◽  
Marilla Valente ◽  
Christian Roth
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Intercoder Reliability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Bloom Taxonomy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Most of the scientific literature on computer games aimed at offering or aiding in psychotherapy provides little information on the relationship between the game’s design and the player’s cognitive processes. This article investigates the use of Bloom’s taxonomy in describing a psychotherapeutic game in terms of knowledge level and cognitive processing. It introduces the Revised Bloom Taxonomy and applies this to five psychotherapeutic games (Personal Investigator, Treasure Hunt, Ricky and the Spider, Moodbot, and SuperBetter) in a two-round procedure. In the first round consensus was reached on the Player Actions with Learning Objectives (PALOs) in each game. The second round sought to determine what level of knowledge and cognitive processing can be attributed to the PALOs by placing them in the taxonomy. Our low intercoder reliability in the second round indicates that Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy is not suitable to compare and contrast content between games.

Event-Related Potentials and Cognitive Processing of Affectively Toned Words in Depression

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Antony Serfaty ◽  
Robert Bothwell ◽  
Richard Marsh ◽  
Heather Ashton ◽  
Robert Blizard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neurophysiological Basis

Abstract Background: Depressed subjects and euthymic controls demonstrate differences in cognitive processing and brain electrophysiology. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and postimperative negative variation (PINV) was used to investigate the relationship between cognition and cortical event related potentials. Method: Electrophysiological responses and memory of different personality trait adjectives were measured in 15 patients with major depressive disorder and 15 euthymic controls. The words were presented acoustically to elicit event-related potentials. The subjects were asked to indicate whether the words were self-referential. Responses were measured separately for self referential and non-self referential, neutral, positively and negatively toned words. Results: Depressed patients chose more negative and fewer positive words as self-referential, though no significant differences between groups in CNV magnitude for any of the words were found. Persistence of cortical negativity after the motor response (PINV) was significantly (P < 0.02) greater in patients for all non-self-referential words, and reaction times were significantly longer for all words. Recall of positive words and recognition of all words were significantly impaired in patients. Conclusions: Both electrophysiological measures and memory tests found differences between depressed patients and controls, suggesting that the PINV wave may be a useful electrophysiological probe to clarify the neurophysiological basis of cognitive processes.

The Study of Creativity and Intelligence in Theory and Practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny L. Hicks ◽  
Randall W Engle
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

Despite decades of scholarship devoted to its importance, the cognitive drivers of creative behaviors and products remain poorly understood. Although previous research has proposed a relationship between the convergent processes of creativity and higher order cognition, studies investigating the relationship between divergent thinking and fluid intelligence have revealed little to no relationship between the two. In this article, we review the noteworthy scholars and debates in the field of creativity and the various methodological approaches used to define the construct. We propose that previous failures to find a relationship between intelligence and creativity are due, in part, to researchers’ emphasis on the differences between the two constructs instead of focusing on their commonality. In this study, we view the creativity construct through the lens of problem-solving across spatial and verbal domains. Using a simple scoring procedure that rates verbal and spatial creative responses, we show some of the most robust relationships between measures of creativity and intelligence to date. Further, our results demonstrate that creativity, verbal fluency, and fluid intelligence share many of the same cognitive processes.

Polynomial Regression Analysis as an Alternative to ANOVA for Data Characterized by Lower-Order Trends

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Finkelman ◽  
Edward H. Wolf ◽  
Michael A. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Polynomial Regression Analysis ◽  
Order Components ◽  
The Relationship

The use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for data characterized by lower order trends is inefficient and wasteful of statistical power. Significance of an effect may be diluted because ANOVA is responsive to higher order components in the data which are not likely to be significant. Polynomial Regression Analysis (PRA) is recommended for precise detection of significance and determination of the nature of the relationship.

scholarly journals Sophisticated Thinking: Higher Order Thinking Skills

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tikhonova ◽  
Natalia Kudinova
Keyword(s):  
Transformative Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Process

The information-based society determines that the key factor to achieve success is the development of sophisticated thinking. That said, the thinking process cannot be just a mere imitation of cognitive work, since the digital age requires the authentic skills of working with a flow of information that is being constantly updated. This paper deals with the last stage of the study devoted to the development of sophisticated thinking. It focuses on the enhancement of higher order thinking skills. We claim that the cognitive processes should be based on three phases: development of disposition towards both thinking process and processed information; development of lower order thinking skills which serves as an indispensable basis for developing higher order thinking skills; and development of higher order thinking skills. The omission or reordering of any of these phases may result in significant deterioration of the obtained results. The special emphasis is put on the idea that higher order thinking skills are more effectively developed when lower order thinking skills have already been interiorized. Furthermore, the development of disposition is regarded as the cornerstone of the development of sophisticated thinking in general. Also, due to its defining feature of polysemy, a literary text is considered to be the most appropriate basis for enhancing students’ thinking skills. For the purpose of verifying the theoretical ideas, a qualitative study has been conducted. The two groups of students, who participated in the first and second stages (three-month cycle each) of our project, continue to be involved in this one. They are second-year bachelor students of the Higher School of Economics who are studying English as a second language. On the basis of the ideas expressed by B. Bloom about the division between lower and higher order thinking skills and by J. Mezirow about transformative learning we designed tasks to enhance higher order thinking skills. These tasks were related to the short stories written by D. Barthelme and printed as a collection, Sixty Stories. To teach the students of both groups (control and experimental), the text-based approach with special techniques to measure the students’ level of understanding and the ability to apply the given information was used. The results of the experiment indicated that the students of both groups made headway in their application of thinking skills. However, the students of the experimental group demonstrated a more significant shift due to the fact that the development of their disposition towards cognitive processes and processed information had been specifically targeted over the course of the first and second stages of the project. Another important outcome of the study was that the participants’ frame of reference was extended which allows us to speculate that the development of sophisticated thinking may result in the change of a person’s interpretation of socio-cultural situation. Hence, a further in-depth study of the issue should be conducted.

scholarly journals MULTILOCUS POPULATION GENETICS WITH WEAK EPISTASIS. II. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF MULTILOCUS MODELS: WHAT IS THE UNIT OF SELECTION?

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Recombination Event ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Perturbation Techniques ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Unit Of Selection ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rule Out

ABSTRACT Using perturbation techniques, I study the equilibrium of deterministic discrete time multilocus models with weak epistasis. The most important results are on the relationship between epistasis and disequilibrium. Disequilibrium involving a particular set of loci reflects only epistasis simultaneously involving those loci. Moreover, all the disequilibria of all orders vary approximately as the inverse of the probability of at least one recombination event among the loci involved. Finally, higher order disequilibria among loci will be lower than lower order ones, even if the level of epistasis is the same at all orders. In this sense, the unit of selection is small. However, given the larger number of higher order disequilibria, these higher order disequilibria may play an important role in the computation of gametic frequencies from allelic frequencies in models with a large number of loci. Finally, I show that epistasis between blocks of loci will be averages of epistatic effects, not additions of epistatic effects. Thus, failure to find significant epistasis on a chromosomal basis does not rule out the importance of epistatic effects.

Psychosocial Factors Related to Suicidal Attempts in Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
D. Estevens ◽  
M. Carvalho ◽  
O. Tur
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Suicidal Intention ◽  
Suicidal Attempts ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Assessment Matrix ◽  
The Relationship

In the south of Portugal, suicide rates are more prevalent compared to other regions. We will present the results of an on-going research, carried out with the main purpose of analysing different risk factors associated to suicidal attemps in a sample of 60 adults, both males and females, recurring to emergency room in a general hospital. A multimodal assessment matrix will be used to evaluate depression, suicidal ideation and intention, and individual, social, and environmental factors commonly related to the onset of major depression, namely hopelessness and pessimism, cognitive processing, interpersonal relations, life events. We expect to find a positive correlation between hopelessness and the indicators of suicidal attempts and also a mediator effect, of cognitive processes, on the relationship between hopelessness and pessimism with depression and, consequently, suicidal intention.

scholarly journals EXPLORING SECOND LANGUAGE WRITERS’ PAUSING AND REVISION BEHAVIORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Révész ◽  
Marije Michel ◽  
Minjin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Writing Processes ◽  
Stimulated Recall ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Writing Task

AbstractThis study investigated the cognitive processes underlying pauses at different textual locations (e.g., within/between words) and various levels of revision (e.g., below word/clause). We used stimulated recall, keystroke logging, and eye-tracking methodology in combination to examine pausing and revision behaviors. Thirty advanced Chinese L2 users of English performed a version of the IELTS Academic Writing Task 2. During the writing task, participants’ key strokes were logged, and their eye movements were recorded. Immediately after the writing task, 12 participants also took part in a stimulated recall interview. The results revealed that, when participants paused at larger textual units, they were more likely to look back in the text and engage in higher-order writing processes. In contrast, during pauses at lower textual units, they tended to view areas closer to the inscription point and engage in lower-order writing processes. Prior to making a revision, participants most frequently had viewed the text that they subsequently revised or their eye gazes had been off-screen. Revisions focused more on language- than content-related issues, but there was a smaller difference in the number of language- and content-focused stimulated recall comments when larger textual units were revised.

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