scholarly journals Claims frequency and risk premium rate as a function of the size of the risk

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Benktander
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Claims Frequency ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Premium Income ◽  
The Right

The rapid economic growth in the last decade and the fierce competition have forced industry to raise its output, to develop new manufacturing methods and, where possible, to lower the fixed costs per unit of output. Consequently bigger factories and warehouses have been and are being built. Furthermore increasing labour costs have speeded up rationalisation and the introduction of efficient machinery.Often, in the course of this development, too little attention has been paid to safety. This is reflected in the increasing number of Fire and Consequential Loss claims which have become so costly that the premium income has proved inadequate. Insurers have therefore adjusted their tariffs and increased their rates.Of course, this is no solution to the problem. Insurers have to insist on adequate fire prevention and fire protection measures. Progress in the right direction can certainly be expedited by realistic tariffs which take account of all the positive features (sprinklers, inspection reports, etc.) and the negative features of a given risk (in commerce or industry).Rating experts say that the tariffs of industrialized countries do not always point to the actual risk and claims fluctuations; one very important factor here, the size of the risk or of the building (i.e. its insured value, volume, surface area), brings me to the main theme of my today's talk.

scholarly journals Post-CCT National Surgical Fellowship in Bariatric and Upper GI Surgery

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 354-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Royal College ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Upper Gi ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Park Hospital

With fierce competition for the best consultant posts in surgery, a fellowship is almost becoming an essential requirement. There are numerous fellowships available but finding the right one and organising family life around it is extremely difficult. After a lot of scepticism from some trainees about the post-Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) national surgical fellowships scheme, it was advertised in July 2008 through The Royal College of Surgeons of England in partnership with the surgical specialist associations. I was extremely fortunate to be successful in the interview in November 2008 as the first Fellow in Bariatric and Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Surgery under the scheme and opted for the fellowship at Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, for one year.

scholarly journals Effective budgeting as a priority of the company›s development

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
S. B. Kashkimbayev ◽  
A. N. Zhakupov
Keyword(s):  
Modern World ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Budget Management ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The Impact

In the modern world, in the conditions of economic instability and fierce competition, companies need to have effective tools that can provide an opportunity to study the current financial condition, compare cash inflows and outflows, approve the right decisions that contribute to the subsequent formation and development of the enterprise, as well as optimize management costs. In a company, such an important tool for financial planning, as well as control, is budgeting.This article discusses the tasks, goals, methods, disadvantages and advantages of budgeting, illustrates the full continuous cycle of budget management and the stages of development of the concept of budgeting. In addition to the theoretical aspects, the article considers the empirical and methodological aspects. The purpose of this article is to generalize the theoretical provisions and develop the organizational and methodological aspects of the application of budgeting and the impact of effective budgeting on the development of the overall company. The article uses complex and systematic approaches to the processes and phenomena under study, which is achieved through the methods of analysis and synthesis, review and collection of information, statistical analysis, scientific abstraction and visualization.In the conclusion of the article, the conclusions are made, that a properly formed concept of budgeting, improvement of methods and elements of the budget process will make it possible to manage the capital, as well as a single commercial, and the company as a whole, establishing the sequence of business types, terms and trends of restructuring. This will allow the owners of companies to adapt their business in time to all possible changes in market conditions.

scholarly journals The sharing economy: Uber and its effect on taxi companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Pepić
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
Taxi Industry ◽  
The Right

The popular ride sharing service Uber has undoubtedly affected the taxi industry by offering lower prices, faster and more quality service, as well as a higher degree of transparency in terms of choosing drivers and determining fares. A question arises inevitably: does Uber present loyal or unloyal price competition to taxi companies by offering significantly lower prices, cutting fixed costs and bypassing middlemen? Is there a tax loophole at play? The hypothesis this paper aims to examine is whether Uber is a new way of providing transportation services, thus bringing more transparency and fair competition to the industry, or it is a disruptor on a previously fair market. If the second case is correct, not all hope should be lost - perhaps with the right amount of regulation, Uber could become a new standard in service transportation.This paper is divided into three parts. The first part briefly explores the concept of the sharing economy; a relatively new term and even newer foundation for business models of contemporary startups. Special significance is given to the reduced costs in companies which operate based on the sharing economy versus the so-called traditional companies. The second part of the paper examines Uber’s business model through costs, thepricing system, driver earnings and working conditions. Finally, the thirdpart of the paper estimates the present and future impact of Uber on traditionaltaxi companies, taking into account its legal status, competition andthe changing labor market.

Standards of Judicial Review of Administrative Action (1890–1910) in the Austro-Hungarian Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-72
Author(s):  
Angela Ferrari Zumbini
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
The Right

This chapter argues that, if France has been the home of administrative courts, Austria has greatly contributed to the development of administrative law with regard to administrative procedure. Thanks to the Austrian Administrative Court, established in 1875, administrative law has been increasingly important in the regulation of public affairs. The chapter analyses the causes, development, and effects of these features. One main theme is, of course, the scope and purpose of judicial review of administrative action. In this respect, the chapter shows the growth of litigation and the liberal approach followed by the Court. Moreover, the role of the Court as lawmaker is examined in the light of the general principles of law that it developed. . Such principles included legality and procedural fairness, with particular regard to the right to a hearing and the duty to give reasons. Considered as a whole, they required public administrations to act reasonably rather than arbitrarily. Finally, it was judge-made law that constituted the basis for the codification of 1925.

Edmund Burke and the Ambivalence of Protection for Slaves: Between Humanity and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 246-268
Author(s):  
Parvathi Menon
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Slave Rebellion ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article focuses on the period between 1812 and 1834, when the British Empire introduced protection measures to mitigate the suffering of slaves from planter brutality, but also to protect planters from slave rebellion. By examining the impact and influences wielded by Edmund Burke’s Sketch of a Negro Code (1780), this article studies protection as an alliance between the abolitionists and planters who, despite contestations, found in Burke’s Code a means to attain their separate ends. Through the workings of the Office of the Protector, instituted by the imperial authorities in the slave colony of Trinidad, this study examines how it granted slaves the humanity of ‘rights’ against their masters, while also protecting the right to property (in slaves) of the planters. I argue that the paternalistic practice of protection was, as is in the present, at the center of the exploitation of subjugated groups.

E*Trade Securities, Inc., Poineer Online Trader, Struggles to Stay on To

2011 ◽  
pp. 48-72
Author(s):  
Adam T. Elegant ◽  
Ramiro Montealegre
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Price Leader ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
And Control

E*Trade revolutionized the securities brokerage industry by “creating” Internet trading. E*Trade’s original strategy was to deliver cost savings to customers while amortizing fixed costs over a greater number of accounts. In 1997, several competitors established Internet sites and E*Trade was dethroned as the price leader. Its management team introduced a strategic initiative to transform the company into a financial, one-stop shop for investors. The initiative included expanding its information technology, improving its marketing and advertising program, and developing new strategic alliances. By early 1999, E*Trade had established a popular Web site offering the convenience and control of automated stock, options, and mutual fund order placement at low commission rates. E*Trade’s success pleased management but was challenged by fierce competition and emerging ethical and operational problems.

scholarly journals Migration as a Reality and a Part of Political Mythology

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Malakhov ◽  
Alexander S. Motin
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
The Media ◽  
Political Mythology ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Ordinary Consciousness ◽  
The Right

The article is focused on the mythologized photos of the global migration phenomena circulating in the ordinary consciousness and in the media. Authors consider deconstruction of this mythology important for two reasons. Firstly, the reproduction of negative stereotypes about migration allows the right-wing populist parties and movements to accumulate political capital, provoking new waves of anti-migration sentiments and creating a vicious circle. Secondly, these sentiments directly or indirectly influence the decision-makers. As a result, decision-making process in the field of migration regulation become influenced by irrational factors. Turning to common misconceptions about international migration, authors show that: a) the mechanical extrapolation of modern demographic trends into the distant future and causal relationship between demographic indicators and migration processes are not scientifically justified; b) there is no direct correlation between the size of the population in less developed regions and the intensity of migration flows from these regions to industrialized countries; c) international migration is by no means a one-way South - North process; d) perception of North countries migration policies, as charity, is fundamentally wrong because it doesnt take into account the complex interdependence of modern world. In addition, authors demonstrate inadequacy of the image of a migratory tsunami threatening to flood Europe.

scholarly journals Foreign Policy under NDA’s Second Term

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Mohammed Viquaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Asian Country ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Bharatiya Janata Party ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
The Right

India always had a liberal approach to other parts of world; independent India pursued a diplomatic strategy based on Non-Alignment. India achieves rapid economic growth and promote economic reform; second, to conduct its diplomatic practices as a leading Asian power and even a global power but rather than as a regional South Asian country. This manuscript tries to cover some discussion on policies now prevailing under NDA-II. The right of center Bharatiya Janata Party government took decisive and bold measures to promote the shift of India’s foreign policy. A comparative purpose whether foreign policies are forwarding in continuation to previous governments or framing extrovert which may result to some healthy forerunning features as far as nation is concern. Reading observance issues become an obvious method for research along some necessary text available in form of books on current events happens. This NDA government focuses on the two decade old policy viz ASEAN solidarity, Neighbour wooing, Practical with East. Firm of Security Council membership, SAARC, Middle East were cover through fast track diplomacy. As a part of South Asia, India still has to devote most of its diplomatic and security resources in managing the traditional and nontraditional threats arising from within the region.

scholarly journals AHP Method to Support Decision Making for Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Wail El hilali ◽  
Abdellah El manouar ◽  
Mohammed Abdou Janati Idrissi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Ahp Method ◽  
Telecom Operator ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources ◽  
New Framework

In these challenging times, finding a way to sustain the created value becomes a must. The fierce competition, the risk of disruption, the rise of customer awareness and the scarcity of resources, all these are few of many drivers that push companies to invest in sustainability. This paper is an attempt to enrich the literature about this subject. It mainly explores how to use the AHP method, a well-known multicriteria decision making technique, to decide about the right actions to implement, in order to reach sustainability. The paper is a continuity of a previous work that introduced a new framework that explained how companies could sustain their business models through information systems (IS). This approach was applied on a telecom operator, as a case study, to explain well how companies could choose the right actions to implement, in order to reach sustainability.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN BISNIS MODEL KANVAS PADA PT PENTARIO LIBERIA PERSADA (KebunSayur Surabaya)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irra Chrisyanti Dewi ◽  
Mega Intan Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Customer Relationships ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Value Propositions ◽  
Customer Segment ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this research is to describe and design marketing strategy of business canvas model. The results show that business canvas and SWOT analysis are very helpful in developing marketing strategy. The customer segment element develops into B2R; element value propositions give customers easy access to information and get KSS products; channel elements focus on the liveliness of the admin in choosing the right social media; the customer relationships element develops a strategy for customers to purchase more KSS products and be loyal to KSS products; revenue streams elements are increased through visits and workshops; elements of key resources are land in the city and hydroponic facilities; key activities elements lie in the process of growing vegetables and taking care of hydroponics equipment; key key partnerships come from raw material suppliers, farmers' partners, and processed products partners; last element cost structure over fixed costs and variable costs. The SWOT analysis assists in facing threats and taking on existing opportunities, as well as minimizing existing weaknesses.

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