Castile—La Mancha: A once traditional and integrated cereal—sheep farming system under change

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Farm Subsidies

AbstractFarming systems are often complex elaborations of the human societies to which they belong, with many traditional and social implications. Untangling the main social and structural constraints may improve productivity without an increase in environmental costs. Integration of cereal and sheep farming throughout the Mediterranean basin has been traditional. Mutually beneficial relationships between the sheep industry and cereal farming, and the vital role of forage legumes in meeting the modest needs of sheep for nitrogen, are stressed. This agropastoral system, however, is endangered in central Spain mainly because the pastoralist (sheep owner) is land-less, while the cultivator (land owner) has little interest in enforcing the law; fees for grazing rights are very low. Farmers, particularly young farmers, reject the current sheep operation because of the harsh working conditions. Restructuring of the grazing system would require a new policy scenario that would link European Union farm subsidies to structural reforms and would stress cooperative behavior.

scholarly journals Algorithmic Synergy and Architectural Form Generation Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 114-136
Author(s):  
Noor Ameer Al-shukri ◽  
Basim Hasan Al-Majidi
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Digital Tool ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Form Generation ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
Self Organizing

Today, the architecture field is witnessing a noticeable evolution regarding the used tools that the designer should invest in a peculiar way that is made available in architecture through the concept of synergy generally and algorithmic synergy specifically. The synergy is meant to study and analyze the cooperative behavior of complex systems and self-organizing systems that leads to different outputs referred to by the synergy as the (whole), which is bigger than the sum of parts and in architecture, it's translated as the architectural form. This point resulted in a need of a specific study regarding the concept of synergy that focuses on the cooperative, synergistic relations within the trilogy of (form, structure, and material) and clarifies the role of technological evolution of design tools through algorithmic synergy in formulating that relation, thus resulted in the research's problem which came in the following statement (The lack of clear knowledge of the algorithmic synergy and its mechanisms in generating and discovering the architectural form digitally) and to solve this problem and Achieving the research goal which is represented in (Clarifying the knowledge regarding the role of algorithmic synergy and its mechanisms in generating and discovering the architectural form digitally), the research clarifies the concept of "Synergy" in general and "Algorithmic Synergy" precisely in order to get the epitome of vocabulary on the theoretical part and moving on to the practical application on elected projects samples  moving on to the conclusions and recommendations that shows having the architecture a self-organizing synergy system connects the designer and the developed digital tool that is provided by algorithmic synergy, plays a vital role in reaching the digitally synergized whole that represented by the architectural form.

The Role of Social Networks in Georgian Migration to Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Maroufof
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Migration Networks ◽  
General Secretariat ◽  
Of Greece

Social networks have been identified as a significant explanatory factor of migration. Apart from their role in prospective migrants’ decision-making with regards to both the decision to migrate and the choice of destination country, networks (co-ethnics as well as employers, recruitment agents, etc.) may assist in overcoming structural constraints as well as facilitate migrants’ settlement. In the case of Georgian migration, networks rooted in the early 1990s and the repatriation of Pontic Greeks play a vital role in Greece’s emergence as one of the main destinations for Georgian migrants. This paper examines the role of social networks in Georgian migration to Greece based on interviews with Georgian migrants in Greece, returned migrants in Georgia, and relevant stakeholders in both countries. The interviews were conducted in 2013–2014 under the auspices of the irma research project funded by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of Greece.

scholarly journals An investigation into the causes of low calving percentage in communally grazed cattle in Jericho, North West Province

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mokantla ◽  
C.M.E. McCrindle ◽  
J.P. Sebei ◽  
R. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
North West ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Breeding Soundness ◽  
Northwest Province ◽  
Communal Farming

The communal grazing system is generally understood to have a low input, low output type of management. However, the actual inputs and outputs of the farmers are not well known and the farmers are often unaware of their problems. Although the causes of low calving percentage are well understood in commercial beef farming enterprises in South Africa, the same is not true for communal farming systems. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive performance of beef cattle on a communal farming system in Jericho, NorthWest Province. Ten farmers from five villages with a total of 265 cows and 13 bulls were purposively selected. The selection criteria were that each farmer had to have a minimum of 10 breeding cows and a bull and be willing to participate in the study. This was followed by a 12-month longitudinal study with monthly herd visits where cows were examined rectally and bulls (n = 13) were subjected to a single breeding soundness evaluation. The calving percentage was found to be 37.7 %. This is lower than the recorded percentages for commercial beef cattle on extensive grazing. The factors playing a role in low calving percentage were ranked using field data. From this it appeared that failure of cows to become pregnant was the main cause of poor calving percentage as opposed of loss of calves through abortion or resorption. Sub-fertility of the bulls was found to be of great significance and it is proposed that this be included in extension messages and that bulls be fertility tested routinely. Poor body condition score of cows, mainly caused by poor management, was also considered to play a major role in reducing pregnancy rates. Infectious diseases like trichomonosis, campylobacteriosis and brucellosis played a much leser role than anticipated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of farming system outputs in Lithuania: methodological proposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasija Novikova ◽  
Lucia Rocchi ◽  
Gražina Startienė
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Nested Logit ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Land Covers

Agriculture produces jointly market and non-market outputs, and their supply depends on the nature of production. The role of agriculture as an economic activity and its consequences are essential for the Lithuanian case study, as agricultural land covers more than a half of the Lithuanian land. The market does not consider the positive and negative externalities created in agroecosystems. Therefore, specific techniques such as stated preferences methods are used for evaluation of non-market outputs in agriculture. Works by foreign researchers provide a comprehensive analysis of the aspects of nontradable agricultural aspects, usually focusing on evaluation of the benefit or damage to society from agricultural activity. There is lack of an integrated evaluation of farming system outputs in view of the specifics and intensity of farming. The main aim of this paper is to present construction of the methodology for integration of evaluation of farming system outputs in Lithuania, with the main focus on non-market outputs, as the values of agricultural market outputs are clear and fully revealed in official statistics. The conventional and organic farming has been selected for the Lithuanian case study. For the both farming systems, the research covers crops (including both cereals and industrials crops) and livestock (including dairy and cattle) production. The choice experiment (CE) method was selected as appropriate for evaluation of non-market outputs of different farming systems in Lithuanian agriculture. The nested logit was selected for econometric modelling of the value of non-market agricultural outputs. Applying the constructed and checked methodology, consumers’ willingness to pay for agroecosystem public goods of different farming systems will be elicited during the main survey.

scholarly journals KESAN AMALAN SISTEM PERTANIAN TRADISIONAL DAN PERANAN ORANG ASAL DALAM MENGURANGKAN DEGRADASI HUTAN: KAJIAN DI HUTAN SIMPAN GANA-LINGKABAU, KOTA MARUDU, SABAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Hardawati Yahya ◽  
Florina Rosmin ◽  
Jurry Foo ◽  
Ricky Alisky Martin
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Integrated Farming

Degradasi hutan seringkali dikaitkan dengan Orang Asal terutamanya yang tinggal di pinggir atau di dalam hutan simpan, apabila sistem pertanian tradisional yang mereka warisi daripada turun-menurun menggunakan kaedah yang kurang efektif dan memberi kesan negatif kepada sumber hutan. Oleh yang sedemikian, kefahaman tentang peranan Orang Asal dalam membantu dan mengurangkan kesan degradasi hutan adalah sangat penting. Secara khususnya, kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk: (1) mengkaji jenis sistem pertanian tradisional yang diamalkan oleh Orang Asal di Hutan Simpan Gana-Lingkabau, dan (2) mengenalpasti peranan Orang Asal dalam mengurangkan degradasi hutan. Sebanyak 10 buah kampung telah terlibat dalam kajian ini, di mana kampung-kampung ini telah ditempatkan semula di luar kawasan Hutan Simpan Gana-Lingkabau, Kota Marudu, Sabah. Kaedah trangulasi termasuk pendekatan temubual secara bersemuka, survei menggunakan borang soal selidik dan pemerhatian lapangan telah dilakukan. Hasil daripada kajian ini mendapati bahawa majoriti isi rumah yang tinggal di kawasan ini terlibat dalam sistem pertanian tradisional, sebahagian besarnya penanaman jenis tanaman selingan, perhutani (perhutanan-tani), dan tanaman di sekitar kawasan rumah. Kajian ini juga mendedahkan bahawa kebanyakan isi rumah menyatakan mereka memainkan peranan yang penting dalam penanaman perhutani, mengurangkan kebakaran hutan, dan pertanian pindah serta terlibat dalam penanaman giliran dan tanaman selingan. Oleh yang sedemikian, berdasarkan kepada hasil dapatan daripada kajian ini, ia boleh disimpulkan bahawa peranan dan penglibatan Orang Asal dalam sistem pertanian tradisional yang digabungkan dengan pengurusan perhutanan, dapat membantu mengurangkan kesan degradasi hutan, disamping itu dapat meningkatkan peranan mereka dalam bersama-sama menguruskan sumber hutan. Forest degradation is frequently associated with indigenous peoples, especially those living in the fringe or within the forest reserves, when the traditional farming system they inherited from generations use ineffective methods and negatively affect forest resources. Therefore, understanding the role of indigenous people in helping and mitigating the effects of deforestation is vital. Importantly, this study was undertaken to (1) examine the types of traditional farming systems practised by indigenous people in Gana-Lingkabau Forest Reserve, and (2) identify the role of indigenous peoples in reducing deforestation. Ten villages were involved in this study, which reallocated outside of the Gana-Lingkabau Forest Reserve, Kota Marudu, Sabah. Triangulation methods including face-face interviews, survey using questionnaire and field observations were performed. The findings of the study found that the majority of households residing in this area were involved in traditional farming systems, predominantly integrated farming, agroforestry, and homegarden. The findings also revealed that most households stated that they play a significant role in agroforestry, reducing forest fires, shifting cultivation, and were involved in rotation and integrated farming. Therefore, based on the work conducted in this study, it can be concluded that the role and involvement of indigenous people in the traditional farming system combined with forestry management, can help reduce the effects of deforestation, while enhancing their role in jointly managing forest resources.

scholarly journals ІСТОРІЯ ВИНИКНЕННЯ ТА ЕВОЛЮЦІЇ ПОЛІПШЕНОЇ ЗЕРНОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВА

2012 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
О. І. Ряба
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Pasture Grass

Здійснений цілісний, історико-науковий, неупере-джений, глибокий і всебічний аналіз процесу і при-чин переходу від парової (парозернової) й вигінної(багатопільно-трав’яної) систем землеробства дополіпшеної зернової. Показана роль багатовіковоїхліборобської практики і культурно-господар-ського розвитку, внесок вчених в удосконалення івпровадження в землеробську практику більш про-гресивних і адаптивних до ґрунтово-кліматичнихумов систем рільництва. Акцентовано увагу наісторичній необхідності розвитку обох галузейсільськогосподарського виробництва – рослинниц-тва і тваринництва – за перехідних систем земле-робства. Доведено, що творцем поліпшеної зерно-вої системи землеробства є В. О. Левшин. The integral, historical and scientific, impartial and comprehensiveanalysis of the process and causes of the transition from the fallowand pasture (grass-multi-course) farming systems to the improvedgrain system has been carried out. The role of centuries-tillagepractices, cultural and economic development, the contribution ofscientists to the improvement and adoption in farming practicemore progressive and adaptive to soil and climatic conditionsfarming systems has been shown. The attention to historicalnecessity of the development of the two branches of agriculturalproduction: crop productivity and livestock in transitional farmingsystems is paid. It has been proved that the creator of the improvedgrain farming system is V. Levshyn.

scholarly journals The role of the organic farming system in the development of society

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 10001
Author(s):  
S Kapov ◽  
A Kojukhov ◽  
A Orlyansky ◽  
A Petenev ◽  
P Khaustov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
Dry Farming

The experience of the development and use of the system of dry farming in the Stavropol Territory is considered, the causes and prerequisites for the emergence of an adaptive-landscape farming system are identified. It is shown that the farming systems of the Stavropol Territory are in constant development, they function in conditions of the joint manifestation of water and wind erosion. As a result of degradation, a third of the arable land of the region is in the zone of erosion processes. The expediency of the development of a universal soil protection system of agriculture, aimed at protecting the soil from water and wind erosion, is substantiated.

Asiana Airlines Flight 214

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Chow ◽  
Stephen Yortsos ◽  
Najmedin Meshkati
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Flight Deck

This article focuses on a major human factors–related issue that includes the undeniable role of cultural factors and cockpit automation and their serious impact on flight crew performance, communication, and aviation safety. The report concentrates on the flight crew performance of the Boeing 777–Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident, by exploring issues concerning mode confusion and autothrottle systems. It also further reviews the vital role of cultural factors in aviation safety and provides a brief overview of past, related accidents. Automation progressions have been created in an attempt to design an error-free flight deck. However, to do that, the pilot must still thoroughly understand every component of the flight deck – most importantly, the automation. Otherwise, if pilots are not completely competent in terms of their automation, the slightest errors can lead to fatal accidents. As seen in the case of Asiana Flight 214, even though engineering designs and pilot training have greatly evolved over the years, there are many cultural, design, and communication factors that affect pilot performance. It is concluded that aviation systems designers, in cooperation with pilots and regulatory bodies, should lead the strategic effort of systematically addressing the serious issues of cockpit automation, human factors, and cultural issues, including their interactions, which will certainly lead to better solutions for safer flights.

Energy Efficiency Analysis in ERA using NFL-BA Algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
Palky Mehta ◽  
H. L. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Head ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Energy Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

In the current scenario of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), power consumption is the major issue associated with nodes in WSN. LEACH technique plays a vital role of clustering in WSN and reduces the energy usage effectively. But LEACH has its own limitation in order to search cluster head nodes which are randomly distributed over the network. In this paper, ERA-NFL- BA algorithm is being proposed for selects the cluster heads in WSN. This algorithm help in selection of cluster heads can freely transform from global search to local search. At the end, a comparison has been done with earlier researcher using protocol ERA-NFL, which clearly shown that proposed Algorithm is best suited and from comparison results that ERA-NFL-BA has given better performance.

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