Changes in Fatty Acids Profile, Health Indices, and Physical Characteristics of Organic Eggs from Laying Hens at the Beginning of the First and Second Laying Cycles

The present study compared the fatty acid profile and some physical parameters of eggs from hens reared according to the organic system at the beginning of the first and second laying cycle. A total of 1080 eggs were analysed at the beginning of the first (from the 28th to 30th week of age) and the second (from the 78th to 80th week of age) laying cycle. It was found that the hen ages influenced the egg weight, egg surface area, yolk proportion, and eggshell colour. Albumen and eggshell proportion, albumen, yolk index, Haugh unit score, and eggshell strength were lower in eggs from older hens compared with those produced from younger layers. Monounsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in egg yolks of eggs from layers only at the beginning of the second laying cycle. The PUFAn-6/n-3 ratio, saturation, atherogenic, and thrombogenic indices were significantly lower in the egg yolks from older hens compared to younger layers. These findings (regarding the eggs from the older ones) prove that it is practical to utilize them in the organic farming system during a period of two years.

Agronomic Factors Influencing the Scale of Fusarium Mycotoxin Contamination of Oats

Seven agronomic factors (crop season, farming system, harvest date, moisture, county, oat variety, and previous crop) were recorded for 202 oat crops grown across Ireland, and samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS for four major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. Type A trichothecenes were present in 62% of crops, with 7.4% exceeding European regulatory limits. DON (6.4%) and ZEN (9.9%) occurrences were relatively infrequent, though one and three samples were measured over their set limits, respectively. Overall, the type of farming system and the previous crop were the main factors identified as significantly influencing mycotoxin prevalence or concentration. Particularly, the adherence to an organic farming system and growing oats after a previous crop of grass were found to decrease contamination by type A trichothecenes. These are important findings and may provide valuable insights for many other types of cereal crops as Europe moves towards a much greater organic-based food system.

EMPOWERMENT OF SIAMESE CITRUS FARMERS KAMANG NAGARI KAMANG HILIR, KAMANG MAGEK DISTRICT, AGAM REGENCY

Siam Kamang citrus farmers, who are known for their JESIKA products in Nagari Kamang Hilir, Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, have been cultivating oranges since 1962. During its development, Siamese citrus farming experienced a period of production failure due to the CVPD virus attack. Excessive use of pesticides has affected the development of Siamese orange agribusiness in Nagari Kamang. Community service activities in the form of disseminating research results on prospects for developing Siamese orange agribusiness and the financial feasibility of Siamese citrus business are carried out in an effort to empower farmers to develop Siamese citrus farming. From the FGD activities carried out, farmers finally realized that farming patterns that use pesticides as an effort to prevent pests and diseases incur large costs and have a negative impact on the development of JESIKA agribusiness. Farmers are advised to cultivate JESIKA in accordance with the recommended SOP and apply a polyculture cropping pattern with an organic farming system to increase production more optimally.

Agronomic Factors Influencing the Scale of Fusarium Mycotoxin Contamination of Oats

Seven agronomic factors (crop season, farming system, harvest date, moisture, county, oat variety, and previous crop) were recorded for 202 oat crops grown across Ireland, and samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS for four major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. Type A trichothecenes were present in 62% of crops, with 7.4% exceeding European regulatory limits. DON (6.4%) and ZEN (9.9%) occurrences were rela-tively infrequent, though one and three samples were measured over their set limits respectively. Overall, the type of farming system and the previous crop were the main factors identified to significantly influence mycotoxin prevalence or concentration. Particularly, adherence to an organic farming system and growing oats after a previous crop of grass were found to decrease contamination by type A trichothecenes. These are important findings and may provide valuable insights for many other types of cereals crops as Europe moves towards a much greater organic based food system.

Analisis Keberlanjutan Program Padi Organik di Desa Pereng Kecamatan Mojogedang Kabupaten Karanganyar (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Rukun Makaryo)

One way to realize a sustainable agricultural system is with an organic farming system. Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group is the farmer group in Karanganyar Regency that referred to organic farming system training at the National level from 2007-2011. Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group has succeeded in creating castle waste as fermented solid and liquid organic fertilizer. Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group has the opportunity to be assessed by the organic rice certification team from the Persada Organic Rice Certification Agency on members 5,9 hectares of land. This research aims to analyze the sustainability of the organic rice program in Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group; 1) Analyze the obstacles that hinder the process of sustainability of the organic rice program, 2) Analyze the hopes of the farmers in realizing of sustainability organic rice program, and 3) Formulate alternative recommendations strategies for assisting farmer groups so that in the future they can carry out the sustainability of the organic rice program independently. This research was conducted in Pereng Village, Mojogedang, Karanganyar, with seventeen respondents of organic farmers. This research method was a qualitative description with a phenomenological approach. This research activity will be gained experience and subjective awareness and interpretation of efforts to maintain the status of organic rice certification. The results showed that; 1) Obstacles that hinder the process of sustainability of the organic rice program are low education, age of farmers, high cost of certification, difficulties in marketing, and complexity of the cultivation technique process, 2) Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group hopes that to have access marketing partnerships so that there will be an increase in selling prices and the development of economic conditions for farmers, and 3) Recommendations for assistance by rice field approach, simultaneous planting system, strengthening farmer organizations with establishing the Internal Control System (ICS), and developing agricultural products marketing systems and facilities.

A review on use of agrochemical in agriculture and need of organic farming in Nepal

The growing use of chemical pesticides haphazardly and their harmful influence on ecosystem and human health highlight the necessity for safe and sustainable organic production in our time. The article reviews a general overview of organic farming; the impact of organic farming on soil health and climate mitigation in comparison with conventional farming practice in Nepal. The article identifies the problems and possibilities of organic farming to resuscitate the pesticide-dominated conventional practice in Nepal. Organic farming now has been embedded in the natural agriculture policy in Nepal. Organic farming benefits in terms of environmental protection along with better living health. Various governmental and non-governmental bodies, farmers, and individuals are working to promote organic farming in Nepal. With the increase in awareness of health and environmental concerns, the adoption of organic agriculture and the demand for organic agricultural products is increasing. It holds a great prospect in countries like ours where an integrated crop-livestock system is still prevalent in many parts of the country. As a result, an organic farming system in Nepal must be thoroughly investigated and supported through proper regulations and tactics. It is urged to supplant pesticide-based conventional farming with organic farming that leads towards agricultural sustainability for the upcoming generation.

Physicochemical and Biological Indicators of Soils in an Organic Farming System

In developed countries, the ideas of ecological agricultural production, continuous cycle, and waste-free production technologies have gained popularity. The effect from the production and consumption of ecological agricultural products is determined by the least harm to the environment, increasing the competitiveness of products, and receiving additional profit from increasing prices for higher quality products. The production of organically safe products is based on the principle of biologization, i.e., the widespread use of biological preparations, a high proportion of legumes (sources of nitrogen), and avoiding chemical plant protection products, transgenic plants, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This study aims to increase the productivity of safflower and improve the physicochemical and biological indicators of dark chestnut soils through the use of biologized technologies in the organic farming system. Standard methods for assessment and statistical analysis of physical and chemical parameters of soils were carried out in zone 1 of West Kazakhstan. This made it possible to identify the most optimal technology for the cultivation of safflower. The study results showed that under the influence of the phytomeliorative action of safflower in the 0–20 cm layer of dark chestnut soils, one could note an increase in the content of nitrate nitrogen by 5.95%, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus by 5.22%, and soil loosening by 0.010 g/cm3, with the structure of the soil being 64.43%. Strong biological activity of the soil was established by the crops of safflower. The highest yield of safflower oil about 0.23 t/ha with an oil content of 30.1% was obtained using the biologized technology option. The use of biological technology, along with biological yields, increases oil yield by 0.06 t/ha or 28.06%.

EMPOWERMENT OF FARMERS' GROUP IN WAMENA CITY THROUGH THE MAKING OF WELL-CONECTED IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY

A good irrigation system management is needed to meet the water needs of agricultural land through a system of providing and distributing water appropriately. The application of wells conducted on partner farmers' lands is intended to collect water from secondary channels to meet crop water needs during the dry season which will have an impact on planting intensity. The purpose of this activity is to create an alternative irrigation pattern through the manufacture of well-conducted irrigation technology that functions to store and distribute water, especially in the dry season. The method used in the implementation of this activity is the method of lecturing or socializing and making well-conducted. The result of this community service that the community in Walelagama District can implement an organic farming system following established rules by taking into account the need for plant water and can improve cropping patterns with good and correct organic farming methods that have an impact on the surrounding environment without depending on the rainy season.