New Technological Developments to Reduce Groundwater Contamination by Herbicides

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Herbicide Use

Strategies to prevent chemical contamination of groundwater will be more effective and cost less than cleaning up groundwater. Advances in weed control technologies have improved timing of herbicide applications, have reduced application rates from kg/ha to g/ha, and have distributed herbicides better within the weed-crop complex. These technologies include microbial pesticides, controlled-release formulations, herbicide chemistry, improved integrated weed management systems, and bioeconomic weed-crop models that reduce herbicide use. These new technologies should reduce the quantity of herbicides used by farmers and lessen the chances of groundwater contamination.

Integrating arthropod herbivory and reduced herbicide use for weed management

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
Douglas B. Walsh ◽  
Rick A. Boydston
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Volunteer Potato ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Herbicide Use

Few studies have examined the combined effect of herbicide-induced stress and arthropod herbivory to reduce weed fitness. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of arthropod herbivory on the herbicide dose–response of a perennial weed. Fluroxypyr dose–response bioassays using volunteer potato were conducted in the presence and absence of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) herbivory. Logistic model parameter estimates for leaf area, shoot biomass, tuber number, and tuber biomass were often lower with herbivory, compared with no herbivory. Greater variance of parameter estimates within herbivory plots was attributed largely to differential feeding because CPB density was not manipulated in the field. Results from short-season field studies (1,000 growing degree days [GDD] after postemergence [POST] herbicide application) indicated that herbivory had the most effect on potato during a period that coincided with high CPB density and optimal temperatures for CPB development. Season-long bioassays (> 3,100 GDD after POST) revealed that addition of herbivory reduced herbicide use 65 to > 85%, compared with the dose needed to achieve the same reduction in tuber production in the absence of herbivory. Integrated weed management systems targeting volunteer potato are more effective when fluroxypyr applications are made before periods of high herbivory. Moreover, this article describes an experimental approach contributing to optimization of combined effects of arthropod herbivory and reduced herbicide doses.

An Environmental and Economic Perspective on Integrated Weed Management in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-361
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ghorbani ◽  
Surendra Kulshreshtha
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Herbicide Use

Inputs, including herbicides, used in crop production may create negative environmental impacts. One solution to minimize these adverse effects is the adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) with the intention of reducing herbicide use. This study, conducted in 2010, estimates the willingness of farmers to pay for the adoption of more effective weed management methods. Results suggest that the willingness to pay (WTP) for IWM is greater than the WTP for other weed management methods, including chemical weed management and chemical and mechanical weed management. This study also identified a number of factors that influence the adoption of IWM on wheat farms in Iran using a multinomial logit model. Total annual income, area under irrigated wheat, wheat yield loss due to weeds, perennial nature of the weeds, and having awareness of weed resistance to herbicides had a positive effect on the adoption of IWM practices. However, having rain-fed (dryland) wheat cultivation and a larger number of plots on the farm had a negative influence on the choice of IWM.

scholarly journals Boosting Rice Production Through Narrowing of Exploitable Yield Gap

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180
Author(s):  
MB Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
The Difference

The yield gap discussed in this paper is the difference between the potential farm yield and the actual average farm yield of rice is 1.92 t ha-1 in Bangladesh. The yield gap is mainly caused by physical, biophysical, socioeconomic and institutional factors. Different strategies, such as integrated crop management (improve adapted varieties, site specific nutrient management, locally adapted integrated weed management and optimized water management) practices, timely supply of inputs including credit to farmers, research and extension collaboration to transfer the new technologies have been discussed to minimize yield gap. Suggestions have been made to make credit available to resourcepoor small farmers to buy necessary inputs, reducing transaction cost, simplifying lending procedures and strengthening monitoring mechanism of the current credit system are, however, essential to enable the farmers to avail the credit facility. Efforts should be made to update farmers’ knowledge on the causes of yield gaps in crops and measures to narrow the gaps through training, demonstrations, field visits and monitoring by extension agencies to achieve high yield. Based on present yield gap of rice (1.92 t ha-1) at least Tk. 556 billion could be earned from the additional production annually by narrowing 40 % the yield gap. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 167-180 (2020)

Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Management Tactics and Practices

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Reactive Management

In input-intensive cropping systems around the world, farmers rarely proactively manage weeds to prevent or delay the selection for herbicide resistance. Farmers usually increase the adoption of integrated weed management practices only after herbicide resistance has evolved, although herbicides continue to be the dominant method of weed control. Intergroup herbicide resistance in various weed species has been the main impetus for changes in management practices and adoption of cropping systems that reduce selection for resistance. The effectiveness and adoption of herbicide and nonherbicide tactics and practices for the proactive and reactive management of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds are reviewed. Herbicide tactics include sequences and rotations, mixtures, application rates, site-specific application, and use of HR crops. Nonherbicide weed-management practices or nonselective herbicides applied preplant or in crop, integrated with less-frequent selective herbicide use in diversified cropping systems, have mitigated the evolution, spread, and economic impact of HR weeds.

Effect of Weed Management Strategy and Planting Date on Herbicide Use in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Michael Linker ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Herbicide Use

Experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 at two locations each year to determine how two weed management strategies and three planting dates affected the cost and amount of herbicide needed to control weeds in peanuts. Weed management strategies used for each planting date included preventive, which duplicated a standard grower program, or an integrated weed management system. The least expensive strategy depended upon weed species composition, weed populations and planting date. In all cases, the integrated weed management strategy required less herbicide (acid equivalent or active ingredient) than the preventive strategy.

Agronomic and economic responses to integrated weed management systems and fungicide in a wheat-canola-barley-pea rotation

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Holm ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
K. Sapsford ◽  
A. Légère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Herbicide Use

Changes in tillage intensity and herbicide use can influence the incidence of weeds, insects and diseases, crop yields and economic returns. We examined the effects of six integrated weed management systems (with varying combinations of tillage methods, seeding rate, seeding date, time when weed control was applied, and annual fungicide applications on pest incidence, grain yield and quality, and economic returns for a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-canola (Brassica napus L.)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation in the Dark Brown soils of the Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion of Saskatchewan. Herbicide use intensity was reduced without a significant increase in weed biomass in five of the six systems in most crops and years. The complete elimination of herbicides in one system resulted in significant crop yield losses. Certain insects were more prevalent in the cropping systems with early planting dates. Zero tillage systems produced higher yields, and yields generally declined as tillage intensity increased. For all crops, the high herbicide-zero tillage system produced the highest yields, whereas the lowest yields were obtained in the no herbicide-high tillage system. Management method had minimal impact on seed quality. Application of fungicide generally increased yields of barley, wheat and pea, but the increases were not sufficient to recover fungicide cost. High herbicide-zero tillage, medium herbicide-zero tillage, and low herbicide-zero tillage systems produced the highest net return and no herbicide-high tillage system the lowest net return, under all grain price scenarios. Key words: Agronomic, economic, tillage, herbicide, fungicide, weed management systems, weed, insect, disease

scholarly journals Weed Management in 2050: Perspectives on the Future of Weed Science

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Westwood ◽  
Raghavan Charudattan ◽  
Stephen O. Duke ◽  
Steven A. Fennimore ◽  
Pam Marrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
World Population ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Weed Science ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
The Future

AbstractThe discipline of weed science is at a critical juncture. Decades of efficient chemical weed control have led to a rise in the number of herbicide-resistant weed populations, with few new herbicides with unique modes of action to counter this trend and often no economical alternatives to herbicides in large-acreage crops. At the same time, the world population is swelling, necessitating increased food production to feed an anticipated 9 billion people by the year 2050. Here, we consider these challenges along with emerging trends in technology and innovation that offer hope of providing sustainable weed management into the future. The emergence of natural product leads in discovery of new herbicides and biopesticides suggests that new modes of action can be discovered, while genetic engineering provides additional options for manipulating herbicide selectivity and creating entirely novel approaches to weed management. Advances in understanding plant pathogen interactions will contribute to developing new biological control agents, and insights into plant–plant interactions suggest that crops can be improved by manipulating their response to competition. Revolutions in computing power and automation have led to a nascent industry built on using machine vision and global positioning system information to distinguish weeds from crops and deliver precision weed control. These technologies open multiple possibilities for efficient weed management, whether through chemical or mechanical mechanisms. Information is also needed by growers to make good decisions, and will be delivered with unprecedented efficiency and specificity, potentially revolutionizing aspects of extension work. We consider that meeting the weed management needs of agriculture by 2050 and beyond is a challenge that requires commitment by funding agencies, researchers, and students to translate new technologies into durable weed management solutions. Integrating old and new weed management technologies into more diverse weed management systems based on a better understanding of weed biology and ecology can provide integrated weed management and resistance management strategies that will be more sustainable than the technologies that are now failing.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT ON FIBER QUALITY CHARACTERS OF SOME COTTON CULTIVARS

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Chalabi & Hammood
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Science College ◽  
Competition Ability ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
The Impact

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental field, Department of Field Crop Science - College of  Agriculture Abu-Ghraib- University of Baghdad, during summer season at 2012 and 2013, to determine the extent of the impact of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) By reducing herbicide use and re-distribution of plants as reflected on fiber quality characters of some cotton cultivars . A randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged according to split-plot was used with three replicates , included six weed control treatments as Main-plots where as Sub-plots included eight cotton cultivars. The results showed that treatments of weedfree achieved highest lint length, lint strength , lint fineness . The treatment of weedfree with normal crop density of 106667 plant.h-1 achieved highest lint length of 27.62 , 28.15 mm , lint strength of 19.00 , 19.09 g.Tex-1 , and lint fineness of 3.04 , 3.19 micronaire, at both seasons respectively, where as the treatment of weedfree with high crop density of 200000 plant.h-1  achieved lint length of  26.96 , 27.47 mm , lint strength of 18.12 , 18.32 g.Tex-1 , and lint fineness of  2.50 , 2.94 micronaire, at both seasons respectively, treatment of trifluralin with recommended rate of 2.4 L.h-1 applied with normal crop density of 106667 plant.h-1 achieved lint length of  26.70 , 27.24 mm , lint strength of 18.04 , 18.25 g.Tex-1 , and lint fineness of  2.79 , 2.94 micronaire at both seasons and these values were approaches to that values achieved by the treatment of half rate of trifluraline 1.2 L.h-1 applied with high crop density of 200000 plant.h-1  which achieved lint length of  26.36 , 26.78 mm, lint strength of 17.50 , 17.65 g.Tex-1 , and lint fineness of 2.67 , 2.81 micronaire respectively at both seasons. Different cotton cultivars showed various fiber quality characters , however Ashur-1 cultivar in weedy treatment with high crop density of 200000 plant.h-1 gave highest rates of  lint length, lint strength, and lint fineness, reflect competition ability of this cultivar to a companion weeds in this treatment . Similarity  and achieved high means of fiber characters in the treatment of half recommended rate of trifluralin  1.2 L.h -1 with high crop density of 200000 plant.h-1 confirmed  the integrated  effect of the cultivars , herbicide , and crop density for improve fiber characters and these variables may consider as important factors for integrated weed management  in  cotton  crop .

Strategies and tactics for herbicide use reduction in field crops in Canada: A review

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla M. Nazarko ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Low Input Agriculture ◽  
Herbicide Use

There are many economic and health reasons for reducing pesticide use in Canada. Herbicide use on field crops is by far the most common pesticide use in Canada. This paper is a review of four topics related to herbicide use reduction on field crops in Canada: (1) broad strategies and (2) specific tactics for herbicide use reduction; (3) factors affecting adoption; and 4) research approaches for improving the implementation of herbicide use reduction. Numerous tactics exist to use herbicides more efficiently and herbicides can sometimes be replaced by non-chemical weed control methods. Many of these tactics and methods have been investigated and demonstrated for use on field crops in Canada. However, herbicide use reduction is fundamentally dependent upon preventative strategies designed to create robust cropping systems that maintain low weed densities. Diverse crop rotation forms the basis of preventative strategies as it inherently varies cropping system conditions to avoid weed adaptation. There is evidence that residual weed densities resulting from herbicide use reduction are manageable within competitive cropping systems. A great deal of research has been done on herbicide use reduction on field crops in Canada, and most projects report definite possibilities for herbicide use reduction in field crop production in Canada. Synthesizing and extending this information and customizing it for use on individual farms remain challenges. Collaboration between researchers and farmers can help to build successful strategies for herbicide use reduction which reflect the context of modern farming, the will of farmers and the culture of technology adoption among farmers. Key words: Pesticide use reduction, low-input agriculture, integrated pest management, integrated weed management

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