Sethoxydim Response to Spray Carrier Chemical Properties and Environment

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of spray carrier salts, UV light, and temperature on sethoxydim phytotoxicity to oat or yellow foxtail. Spray solution pH and ions present were both important to sethoxydim phytotoxicity to oat. Sodium and calcium salts were antagonistic to sethoxydim phytotoxicity only when the spray carrier pH exceeded 7. Ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide were synergistic with sethoxydim, and the synergism was independent of spray solution pH. Ammonium sulfate, but not ammonium hydroxide, overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism of sethoxydim. The antagonism of sethoxydim phytotoxicity by sodium bicarbonate was greatest in the presence of UV light and most pronounced when treated plants were exposed to mid-day sunlight. Sodium bicarbonate or low temperature may reduce the speed of sethoxydim absorption allowing for greater UV degradation of unabsorbed sethoxydim on the leaf surface.

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Effect of sodium and ammonium salts on tralkoxydim absorption in oat

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps96-018 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 119-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrick M. McMullan

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Key Words ◽

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Sodium Salts ◽

Spray Solution

Research was conducted to determine the effect of various sodium and ammonium salts on 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. Sodium bicarbonate (12.5 and 25 mM) in the spray solution reduced 14C-tralkoxydim uptake in oat 1 h after herbicide application. However, ammonium sulphate overcame sodium bicarbonate inhibition of 14C-tralkoxydim uptake. Only sodium salts that increased spray-solution pH (bicarbonate or hydroxide) reduced 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. These data indicate that spray solution pH plus the cation present in the spray solution influences tralkoxydim absorption. Key words: Tralkoxydim, absorption, antagonism, sodium, ammonium

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Salt and Temperature Effects on Sethoxydim Spray Deposit and Efficacy

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00041828 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 334-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Matysiak ◽

John D. Nalewaja

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Uv Light ◽

Close Contact ◽

Salt Deposits ◽

Spray Deposit ◽

Petroleum Oil ◽

Deposit Characteristics

Certain salts in the spray carrier can antagonize sethoxydim, while other salts overcome the antagonism or increase the herbicide's efficacy. Sethoxydim responses to salts have not been consistent, and the inconsistency is not completely understood. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine sethoxydim phytotoxicity to oat as influenced by salts in the spray carrier and by air temperature at and immediately after application as they alter the spray deposit characteristics. Thick amorphous spray deposits were related to ineffective sethoxydim-petroleum oil adjuvant treatments applied alone at 10 C or with bentazon at 10 or 25 C. Also, thin deposits with salt residues were related to ineffective sethoxydim treatments, as when sodium bicarbonate was present. Ammonium sulfate reduced or overcame antagonism of sethoxydim phytotoxicity caused by low temperature, bentazon, and sodium bicarbonate and gave thin deposits having close contact with the leaf epicuticular surface but without obvious salt deposits. UV light antagonism of sethoxydim phytotoxicity was different depending on temperature at and shortly after application and depending on salts in the spray mixture. The results indicate that salts in a bentazon spray carrier are in part antagonistic because of their effect on final spray deposit.

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Salt Antagonism of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088470 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 622-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

John D. Nalewaja ◽

Robert Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Ammonium Cation ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Diammonium Sulfate ◽

Ammonium Compounds

Glyphosate is often applied with diammonium sulfate to increase weed control. However, many other salts in the spray carrier have antagonized glyphosate phytotoxicity. Research was conducted with wheat as a bioassay species to further determine the influence of various salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Cation antagonism of glyphosate occurred with iron > zinc > calcium ≥ magnesium > sodium > potassium. Ammonium cation with hydroxide or most other anions was not antagonistic. Anions of ammonium compounds were of primary importance in overcoming glyphosate antagonistic salts, while the ammonium cation was neutral or slightly stimulatory with certain anions. Sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and acetate anions were not antagonistic, but nitrate and chloride anions were slightly antagonistic when applied as ammonium salts or acids. Antagonism of glyphosate action by sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride was overcome by phosphoric, sulfuric, and citric acid and phosphate, sulfate, and citrate ammonium salts. Acid and ammonium salts of nitrate and chloride were more effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate than calcium chloride antagonists of glyphosate. Ferric sulfate antagonism was overcome only by citric, partly by phosphoric and sulfuric but not by nitric and hydrochloric acids or their ammonium salts. Acetic acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium hydroxide did not overcome any salt antagonism of glyphosate. Glyphosate response to salts was independent of spray carrier pH.

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Effects of CO2, N2, Air, and Nitrogen Salts on Spray Solution pH

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00026658 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 910-912 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ronald W. McCormick

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Spray Nozzle ◽

Monoammonium Phosphate ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Pressurized Water ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Water Ph ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Reduced Water

Water samples from eight locations, ranging in pH from 7.1 to 8.5, were tested to determine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) pressurization on pH. After pressurization with CO2the pH of the water decreased 1.8 to 4.1 pH units. An increase of 0.4 to 1.2 pH units occurred after the CO2pressurized water exited a spray nozzle. The use of N2or air as a pressurizing gas had very little effect on pH. The addition of diammonium phosphate, urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN)3, or ammonium sulfate had only minor effects on water pH. The addition of monoammonium phosphate reduced water pH to 4.6 to 5.5. The physical/chemical properties and activity of a herbicide may be altered with the change in spray solution pH by using CO2to pressurize the spray solution.

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Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of Impurities in the Sterile Mixture of Cefoperazone and Sulbactam

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412914666180914163419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 762-775

Author(s):

Ramu Ivaturi ◽

Thuttagunta Manikya Sastry ◽

Satyaveni Sunkara

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Forced Degradation ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽

Stability Indicating ◽

Validation Parameters ◽

Abdominal Infections

Background: Cefoperazone Sulbactam injection is a cephalosporin antibiotic with a β- lactamase inhibitor used in the treatment for intra abdominal infections, Urinary track infections, surgical infections, etc. The combination is not official in any of the pharmacopeia for their content and impurities determination. Introduction: The present study involves the development of a simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the quantitative estimation of Cefoperazone Sulbactam mixture and its impurities in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: 0.005 M Tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide buffer solution pH adjusted to 6.80 and Acetonitrile combination has been used in a gradient programme with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The retention time of Cefoperazone and Sulbactam were observed at around 8.5 and 19.5 minutes respectively. The UV detection was carried out at a wavelength of 230 nm. The chromatographic separation was achieved using Waters xbridge C18-150*4.6 mm, 3.5 µm HPLC column. The method has been validated according to the current International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for the method validation parameters such as Specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, robustness and sensitivity. Results: The validation results indicate that the method is specific, as the known impurities and other impurities formed during the forced degradation studies were not co-eluting with the main components. Moreover, all these impurities were found to be spectrally pure, proving the stability indicating power of the method. The linearity and range of the method is in the range of 0.01-150%, highly accurate (100.2%), precise (<1%) and robust. Conclusion: The proposed method was accurate and specific for the quantitative analysis of Cefoperazone and Sulbactam and their related impurities in the sterile mixture. Hence the proposed method can be used for the quantification of impurities in routine as well as stability analysis in the development as well as quality control laboratories.

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