Effect of sodium and ammonium salts on tralkoxydim absorption in oat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. McMullan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Spray Solution

Research was conducted to determine the effect of various sodium and ammonium salts on 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. Sodium bicarbonate (12.5 and 25 mM) in the spray solution reduced 14C-tralkoxydim uptake in oat 1 h after herbicide application. However, ammonium sulphate overcame sodium bicarbonate inhibition of 14C-tralkoxydim uptake. Only sodium salts that increased spray-solution pH (bicarbonate or hydroxide) reduced 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. These data indicate that spray solution pH plus the cation present in the spray solution influences tralkoxydim absorption. Key words: Tralkoxydim, absorption, antagonism, sodium, ammonium

Sethoxydim Response to Spray Carrier Chemical Properties and Environment

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak ◽  
Edward Szelezniak
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Uv Degradation ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Spray Solution

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of spray carrier salts, UV light, and temperature on sethoxydim phytotoxicity to oat or yellow foxtail. Spray solution pH and ions present were both important to sethoxydim phytotoxicity to oat. Sodium and calcium salts were antagonistic to sethoxydim phytotoxicity only when the spray carrier pH exceeded 7. Ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide were synergistic with sethoxydim, and the synergism was independent of spray solution pH. Ammonium sulfate, but not ammonium hydroxide, overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism of sethoxydim. The antagonism of sethoxydim phytotoxicity by sodium bicarbonate was greatest in the presence of UV light and most pronounced when treated plants were exposed to mid-day sunlight. Sodium bicarbonate or low temperature may reduce the speed of sethoxydim absorption allowing for greater UV degradation of unabsorbed sethoxydim on the leaf surface.

Influence of temperature after spraying on glyphosate control of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens(L) Nevski) previously exposed to light frost

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. McMullan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Contrast Reduction

Research was conducted in controlled environment chambers to determine the influence of temperature after herbicide application on glyphosate control of quackgrass previously exposed to light frost (−2 °C). Quackgrass topgrowth control and rhizome bud viability reduction was greatest at 900 g ha−1 glyphosate and was enhanced by ammonium sulphate. Quackgrass topgrowth control was greatest at 15 °C/10 °C day/night temperature. In contrast, reduction in rhizome bud viability was different only between 15 °C/10 °C and 10 °C/5 °C. Topgrowth control of quackgrass by glyphosate may be much more affected by temperature than reduction in rhizome bud viability. Key words: Quackgrass, frost, temperature, glyphosate, ammonium sulphate

scholarly journals APPLICATION HEIGHT IN HERBICIDES EFFICIENCY IN BEAN CROPS

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-614
Author(s):  
G. A. M. PEREIRA ◽  
L. H. BARCELLOS JR ◽  
D. V. SILVA ◽  
R. R. BRAGA ◽  
M. M. TEIXEIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Sprayer Nozzle

ABSTRACTInadequate herbicide application can result in failures in weed control and/or poisoning of the crops, resulting in yield losses. In this research were assessed the effects of the sprayer nozzle boom height in the distribution of the spray solution for weed control, influencing intoxication of beans and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory, the performance of flat spray tip TT 11002 was assessed at heights 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 meters with respect to the target surface. In the field the same heights were assessed in applications of herbicides fomesafen, fluazifop-P-butyl and fomesafen + fluazifop-P-butyl. There was an inverse relationship between the height of the spray boom and the coefficients of variation of the patterns. The mixture better efficiency in a tank of fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen was obtained with the height of 0.50 m from the target. This treatment resulted in better weed control, lower poisoning of the bean plants and better crop yield rates.

PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK ZA DAN SP 36 TERHADAP HASIL DAN MUTU TEMBAKAU TEMANGGUNG PADA TANAH ANDISOL

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
DJAJADI DJAJADI ◽  
M. SHOLEH ◽  
NUNUNG SUDIBYO
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Grade Index

Effect of organic (biogrcen) and inorganic fetilizers (ammonium sulphate and SP36) on the yield and quality of the temanggung tobacco in andosol soil was studied at Galapansari - Temanggung, from Februai to December 2001. The organic and inorganic fetilizers were formulated in 10 packages, namely : (1) 570 kg ammonium sulphate (AS) ♦ 100 kg SP36; (2) the recommended rate for temanggung tobacco (20 000 kg stable manure 500 kg AS + 100 kg SP36; (3) 5 000 kg organic fetilizer (OF); (4) 7 500 kg OF; (5) 8 500 kg OF; (6) 10 000 kg OF; (7) 12 500 kg OF; (8) 14 500 kg OF; (9) 7 500 kg OF + 3 500 kg sUble manure (SM); (10) 7 500 kg OF + 4 500 kg SM. All the rates of fetilizers were based on one hectare planted area (16 500 plants) The expeiment was designed as a randomized block in four replicates. Results showed that organic fertilizer waa more effective than stable manure in improving die growth, yield and quality of temanggung tobacco. A the rate of 5 000 kg was sufficient to produce high ( 6 313 kg fresh or 800 kg sliced died leaves), grade index (51.68) and crop index (55.31). Key words : Organic fetilizer, ammonium sulfate, SP36, temanggung tobacco, andisol

Overcoming Antagonistic Effects of Na-Bentazon on Sethoxydim Absorption

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Wanamarta ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Spray Solution

The influence of adjuvants, inorganic salts, and herbicide formulations on the antagonistic effect of Na-bentazon on sethoxydim absorption was studied in quackgrass. Adjuvant BCH 815 00, at 2.4 L ha−1alone or at 1.2 L ha−1combined with 1.1 kg ha−1of ammonium sulfate, added to the sethoxydim and Na-bentazon spray mixture overcame the antagonism on14C-sethoxydim absorption in quackgrass. Crop oil concentrate at rates up to 9.6 L ha−1did not overcome the antagonism. Adding ammonium phosphate or ammonium nitrate to the spray solution was as effective as adding ammonium sulfate in overcoming the antagonism caused by reduced absorption of sethoxydim even from the combination of Na-bentazon plus Na-acifluorfen. Ammonium salts and NH4-bentazon overcame the antagonism of Na-bentazon by forming readily absorbed NH4-sethoxydim.

2,4-D Amine Antagonism by Salts

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Zenon Woznica ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Iron Salts ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
Phosphate Salts

Research was conducted to determine the influence of salts on 2,4-D toxicity to kochia. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron salts except for sulfate and phosphate salts of calcium and sodium were antagonistic to 2,4-D diethanolamine. None of the ammonium salts antagonized 2,4-D control of kochia. Effects of individual ions generally antagonistic to 2,4-D were additive when in mixture. 2,4-D generally controlled kochia better when mixed with various acids than with their ammonium salts in distilled, sodium bicarbonate, or ferric sulfate water carriers, relating to the lower pH with the acids. However, low pH was not essential in overcoming salt antagonism of 2,4-D for kochia control, nor was 2,4-D always effective with low pH. Sulfate and monobasic phosphate anions were most effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride antagonism of 2,4-D. The concentration of diammonium sulfate needed to overcome sodium bicarbonate antagonism of 2,4-D increased with sodium bicarbonate concentration. Diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) overcame 1200 mg L–1sodium as sodium bicarbonate. Nonionic surfactants and oil adjuvants also overcame antagonism of 2,4-D caused by water from several sources.

The Influence of Adjusting Spray Solution pH on the Efficacy of Saflufenacil

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Water Ph

Saflufenacil solubility and efficacy has been shown to be influenced by carrier water pH. This research was conducted to determine if altering the pH of a solution already containing saflufenacil would influence the efficacy of the herbicide. Saflufenacil at 25 g ai ha−1was applied to field corn in carrier water with one of five initial pH levels (4.0, 5.2, 6.5, 7.7, or 9.0) and then buffered to one of four final solution pH levels (4.0, 6.5, 9.0, or none) for a total of twenty treatments. All treatments included ammonium sulfate at 20.37 g L−1and methylated seed oil at 1% v/v. Generally, saflufenacil with a final solution pH of 6.5 or higher provided more dry weight reduction of corn than saflufenacil applied in a final pH of 5.2 or lower. When applying saflufenacil in water with an initial pH of 4.0 or 5.2, efficacy was increased by raising the final solution pH to either 6.5 or 9.0. Conversely, reduction in corn dry weight was less when solution pH of saflufenacil mixed in carrier water with an initial pH of 6.5 or 7.7 was lowered to a final pH of 4.0. When co-applying saflufenacil with herbicides that are very acidic, such as glyphosate, efficacy of saflufenacil may be reduced if solution pH is 5.2 or lower.

Recovery of silica from aqueous silicate solutions via trialkyl or tetraalkylammonium silicomolybdate

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. W. De Freitas ◽  
A. W. McCulloch ◽  
A. G. McInnes
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Silicate Solution ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Silicon Isotopes

Reaction of aqueous silicate with ammonium molybdate at pH 1.5 affords the β form of silicomolybdic acid. The latter can be precipitated by the addition of a variety of quaternary ammonium salts. The precipitated silicomolybdate can then be decomposed to silica in a two-step combustion process (at 350 and 1000 °C). Recoveries of Si are nearly complete, but the starting silicate solution must be made strongly basic prior to the reaction with molybdate. The overall process can be utilized for the recovery of silicon isotopes and as a method of silica purification. Key words: silica, silicate, silicomolybdate, silicon-29.

Mechanism for the enhanced effect of mowing followed by glyphosate application to resprouts of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Renz ◽  
Joseph M. DiTomaso
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Herbicides currently registered for use near water have been ineffective for control of perennial pepperweed. Previous research has demonstrated that mowing followed by an application of glyphosate at 3.33 kg ae ha−1to resprouting tissue can enhance the control of perennial pepperweed. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced effectiveness of glyphosate in combination with mowing. Mowing plants altered the leaf area distribution within the canopy. In mowed areas, the majority of leaf area was in the basal third of the canopy, whereas the bulk of the leaf area was in the top third of the canopy in unmowed plots. This change in plant architecture affected the deposition pattern of the spray solution. Unmowed plants retained 49 to 98% and 42 to 83% of a dye solution within the middle and top thirds of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively, with only 1.9 to 6.0% dye deposited on the basal third of the canopy at both sites. In contrast, mowed plants had 18 to 34% and 26 to 70% of the dye retained in the basal third of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively. Greenhouse studies showed that14C-glyphosate applied to basal leaves of mowed plants translocated significantly more to belowground tissue. Unmowed plants accumulated 0.37% of the applied14C-glyphosate in belowground tissue 48 h after labeling. In contrast, mowed plants accumulated 6.7%14C-glyphosate in the belowground tissue. In field studies, estimates of basipetal seasonal translocation rates using total nonstructural carbohydrate pools of roots indicate that mowing did not change the translocation rate. However, the delay in application timing to allow plants to resprout appeared to synchronize applications with maximal translocation of carbohydrates to belowground structures. We hypothesize that the change in the canopy structure of perennial pepperweed after mowing results in fewer aboveground sinks and greater deposition of herbicide to basal leaves where it can preferentially be translocated to the root system. Furthermore, the delay between mowing and resprouting synchronized maximal belowground translocation rates with herbicide application timing. These factors all appear to be involved in the observed enhanced control of perennial pepperweed when combining mowing and glyphosate.

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