Kennedy’s Keynesian Budgetary Politics and the 1962 Public Works Acceleration Act

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-551
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. Jacobs ◽  
James D. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
The Public ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Budgetary Politics ◽  
Tax Cuts

Abstract:Public works spending was an integral component of John F. Kennedy’s fiscal policy. Drawing on a wide range of archival evidence from the Kennedy Presidential Library, we show how the administration worked to pass a $2.5 billion infrastructure bill that would give the presidency unilateral authority in determining where and when those funds would be spent. Contrary to recent accounts that emphasize Kennedy’s role in promoting massive tax cuts in 1963–64, the 1962 Public Works Acceleration Act was a key fiscal instrument that Kennedy advocated prior to the administration’s push for tax reform. Moreover, the public works policy was strictly Keynesian—designed as a proactive countercyclical “stabilizer” that would generate budget deficits in order to make up for slack in a recession. Kennedy’s plan faced stiff resistance in Congress and the history of the law offers important lessons for why infrastructure programs are often disregarded as countercyclical instruments.

scholarly journals The geological history of the Lake Rudolf Basin, Kenya colony

1939 ◽  
Vol 229 (560) ◽  
pp. 219-274 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Public Works ◽  
General Description ◽  
Geological History ◽  
East African ◽  
The Public ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
African Rift ◽  
At Home

The Lake Rudolf Rift Valley Expedition was designed to carry out many different lines of investigation in the Lake Rudolf Basin. One of the chief of these was a study of the geological history of that part of the East African Rift Valley. The expedition was assisted financially by The Royal Society, The Geological Society of London, The Royal Geographical Society, The Percy Sladen Trustees and the Geographical and Geological Sections of the British Association. A general description of the activities of the Expedition was given in a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society (Fuchs 1935). Owing to the tragic loss of two members of the expedition, Dr W. S. Dyson and Mr W. R. H. Martin, two fruitless months were spent searching for them. Consequently a great amount of the work planned for the east side of the lake had to be abandoned. Nevertheless, the considerable distance travelled within the 50,000 sq. miles of the Rudolf Basin has enabled me to make out the chief events of its geological history. I am very much indebted to all those who assisted us in the field and at home, in particular to the Kenya Government, the Officers of the King’s African Rifles, and Mr H. L. Sikes of the Public Works Department; I would also like to thank Mr A. M. Champion, Provincial Commissioner of Turkana, who wholeheartedly assisted us in every way possible both in the field and at home, for he has placed at my disposal his own excellent topographical maps and his extensive observations on the geology of the area. I am also deeply indebted to Professor O. T. Jones, Mr Henry Woods and Mr W. Campbell Smith for their criticisms. Mr Campbell Smith has also given me provisional identifications of the rocks.

The Oxford Handbook of Music Listening in the 19th and 20th Centuries

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Musical Cultures ◽  
History Of

This handbook takes on the task of examining the history of music listening over the past two hundred years. It uses the “art of listening” as a leitmotif encompassing an entanglement of interdependent practices and discourses about a learnable mode of perception. The art of listening first emerged around 1800 and was adopted and adapted across the public realm to suit a wide range of collective listening situations from popular to serious art forms up to the present day. Because this is a relatively new subject in historical research, the volume combines case studies from several disciplines in order to investigate whether, how, and why practices of music listening changed. Focusing on a diverse set of locations and actors and using a range of historical sources, it attempts to historicize and reconstruct the evolution of listening styles to show the wealth of variants in listening. In doing so, it challenges the inherited image of the silent listener as the dominant force in musical cultures.

A Singular Example of the Wrath of God: The Use of Sodom in Sixteenth-Century Exegesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wrath Of God

What did the Reformation do for sodomy? The more or less established view, developed by social and cultural historians and contributors to the history of sexuality, is that it did relatively little. The evidence of the normative discourses of theology and law suggests that definitions and understandings of sodomy after the Reformation movements of the early and middle sixteenth century differed little from what had been proffered in the legal and moral writings of the medieval period. According to these defi nitions, which varied in their particulars, sodomy was a sin of unnatural lust which included, but was often not limited to, sexual contact between persons of the same sex. It was a sin whose origins could be traced to the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, whose inhabitants' penchant for unnatural sex led directly to their destruction in a hail of sulfur and fire—a dramatic event that was to stand as a warning both to those tempted to indulge in this vice and to those innocent of that particular sin who would nonetheless tolerate it in their neighbors. This view is found reflected in a wide range of writings from homiletic, exegetical, and penitential productions of late antiquity and the early, high, and late Middle Ages. And, indeed, while Protestant reforming ideas and practices changed many things in Europe of the sixteenth century, they seem to have left untouched this conception of the sin of the Sodomites. Confessions divided on many theological issues appear to have had no quarrel over what sodomy was, where it had come from, and what ought to be done about it. Definitions, then, remained more or less the same through the course of the Reformations; what changed was the capacity of local and regional jurisdictions to enforce legal proscriptions. And so, if the Reformation movements had any impact on the public discourse on sodomy, that impact was limited to the contribution the reforms made to the development of instruments of moral discipline and their facilitation (in some instances) of harsher responses to persons accused and convicted of the crime of sodomy.

This Sporting Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Colls
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This is a history of sport as one of England’s great civil cultures. It addresses ‘sports’ as athletic competitions, ‘sport’ as fun and games and showing off, and sporting occasions as a mixture of both. The subject does not lend itself to simple definitions, and the book does not try to impose any. By and large, it takes sport as it found it in the lives of the people. Drawing on a wide range of sources, from oil paintings to handbills, from the criminal to the constitutional, all the chapters begin with a ‘thick’ description of a sporting event before spreading the net to bring in the longer history, and meaning, of the sport in question. No one ever doubted that there was more to sport than sport itself. Prize-fighting and riding found particular favour with the army, cricket and rowing with the public schools, hockey and lacrosse with the education of middle-class girls, scarves and colours with the part sport played in the invention of the modern university. Above all, sport in England was recognized as liberty, the physical freedom to be. Of course, sport was not liberty’s only expression. There was always politics. Puritans fought a civil war for liberty and saw sport as a snare and a sin. For the first 100 years of this book, Methodists (and not only them) saw sportsmen as creatures of greed and corruption. This Sporting Life tries to show the reader some part of what it was like to be alive, and feel alive, rich and poor, men and women, young and old, in England, between 1760 and 1960.

Valle d’Aosta. La sfida della continuità / Aosta Valley. The challenge of continuity

ARCHALP ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
Corrado Binel
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Public Works ◽  
World War ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Second World

The text traces the history of Aosta Valley architecture from the Second World War to the present day. The first part focuses on the evolution of architecture in the fifties and sixties, on modern architecture and on the international influences in a long phase of great economic growth. In the central part it focuses rather on the regionalist and sometimes folkloristic evolution of the following decades. He then tried to analyse, starting from the 2000s, the profound transformations generated by the economic crisis but also by the extraordinary occupation of land that over the course of about 50 years has saturated most of the territory of a small Alpine region. Finally, it attempts an analysis of the most recent development, of relations with the rest of the Alpine world and of the not easy attempt to combine history, environment, aesthetics and rationality. The text is accompanied by the choice of eight architectures from 2010 in the last eight years. As you can see only two are public works, two of collective interest and four are private homes and this choice wants to focus your attention to the fact that in the near future, in all likelihood, will no longer be the public commission to be at the center of possible experiments with new architectural languages.

Regional competition, business politicians, and subnational fiscal policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-437
Author(s):  
Leonardo Baccini ◽  
Quan Li ◽  
Irina Mirkina ◽  
Kristina Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Competition Hypothesis ◽  
Regional Competition ◽  
Business Ties ◽  
Tax Cuts

AbstractWhat explains subnational policy choices over tax cut after decentralization? We test two different explanations in the context of the 2002 tax reform in Russia. A popular strand of literature suggests that decentralization induces more regional competition over investment, motivating subnational tax cuts. A second body of literature suggests that personal business interests of regional governors can account for their different policy choices. Governors with personal business ties refrain from tax cuts because they increase market competition. We find no support for the regional competition hypothesis, but strong statistical evidence for the business connection hypothesis. Our findings have important implications for research on fiscal decentralization and on the connections between business interests of leaders and their policy choices.

scholarly journals Chile Fiscal Policy Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Ryszard Piasecki ◽  
Erico Wulf Betancourt
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Policy Management ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Budget Surplus

A budget surplus arises in a country when the total revenue earnings surpass expenditures in a particular financial year. Having a budget surplus is very important in the sense that it brings about a decrease in the net public debt, while the public debt is increased in the event of a budget deficit. Both budget deficits and budget surpluses also exert indirect influences on taxpayers. Normally, it is not essential on the part of the government to maintain a budget surplus, though it needs to be very careful when running a budget deficit to have the proper buffer.  

scholarly journals The Revolutionary Ukrainian Party – in terms of the document

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Igor Mikhalskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Central State ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Independence Movement ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Revolutionary Party ◽  
History Of

The article describes the beginning of the activities of the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party and the charging document of the prosecutor of the court of justice, which is stored in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, is introduced into scientific use. It allows to concretize information about active party leaders, in particular P. Andrijewskyj, P. Steshenko, M. Popov, G. Kollard, I. Manzheley. It is stated that the first Ukrainian party, which was created in 1900, began its active work in 1902–1903, which attracted the attention of the Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order in Kharkiv. The document that is being published belongs to this period. It is noted that researchers have been studying the history and analysis of the activities of the first Ukrainian party since the 20s of the XX century, in particular, the most fundamental work belongs to the famous political and public figure, historian A. Germeise, who not only brought the history of the party to the reader, but also published 53 leaflets and proclamations of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. The sources of private origin also contain a lot of valuable material on the activities of the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party. At the end of the 20th century, various collections of documents devoted to the Ukrainian independence movement were published. However, even today there are a large number of documents that are unfamiliar to a wide range of researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to introduce a document that additionally reflects the activities of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party at the beginning of the 20th century, into scientific use.

The Scholarship of Jacob Egharevba of Benin

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Uyilawa Usuanlele ◽  
Toyin Falola
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Short History ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Traditional Elite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domestic Help ◽  
Written Word

Uwadiae Jacob Egharevba was born in 1893 to a descendant of Ohenmwen, the Iyase of Benin Kingdom during the reign of Osemwende, ca. 1816 to ca. 1848, and Okunzuwa, a granddaughter of an Ibadan chief. Jacob's parents were long-distance traders, and he claimed to have traveled with them in the Benin and Yoruba regions until his father's death in 1902. The brief sojourn in the Yoruba country afforded him the opportunity of attending school for a year in 1899, at a time when there was no such facility in Benin because of the reluctance of the traditional elite to send their children to school. Jacob was impressed by the written word and became interested in education, although it was not until 1911 that he returned to school at Akure. He demonstrated brilliance, although his education here was terminated by relocation. On his return to Benin in 1914, he became a domestic help to Black Shaw, a senior European staff of the Public Works Department, while at the same time enrolling at St. Matthews C.M.S. school. In 1915 he converted to Christianity and, with the encouragement of Shaw and others, he was able to complete his primary education in 1916.Between 1916 and 1921, he worked in lowly paid jobs in Warri, Port Harcourt, and Okigwe. His failure to secure any lucrative government position pushed him to trading. His writing career began in 1921 when he drafted his now famous classic, Ekhere Vb'Itan Edo. Ironically, it was this successful book that exposed his writing inadequacies. To improve his skills, he enrolled in 1926 in a five-year correspondence course with the Institute of Rationalistic Press in London. In 1933 the C.M.S. published the Ekhere Vb'Itan, which attained an instant success. It was reprinted the following year and translated as A Short History of Benin.

Firearms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Pirelli
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
Public Sentiment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Law

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview intended to summarize essential introductory information to help the reader consume the material provided throughout the remainder of the book. First, the authors review the history of firearms across numerous contexts, including military, law enforcement, corrections, civilian, and pop culture. They then outline the available statistics from various sources related to firearm ownership and use in the United States, as well as provide comparisons across states. Next, they set forth important foundational information about firearms. They then address issues related to the public sentiment and attitudes toward firearms, gun control, and related concepts. Finally, they review a wide range of Second Amendment and other firearm-related groups, including gun control, gun violence prevention, and antigun groups.

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