scholarly journals Successful control of a school based measles outbreak by immunization

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lyons ◽  
H. I. Jones ◽  
R. L. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
School Based ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Delays In Diagnosis

SUMMARYIn an outbreak of measles in North Wales centred on a secondary school in 1991, 74 cases occurred over a period of 51 days. Before the outbreak started, 27 % pupils did not have a history of measles or immunization and were considered susceptible. Active case rinding and identification and vaccination of susceptible contacts commenced after the fourth generation of cases and further reduced the pool of susceptible schoolchildren from 17%, at the onset of the vaccination campaign, to 8%. A fifth generation of cases did not occur. Delays in diagnosis (mean 2·8 days) and notification (mean 6·1 days) hampered control. There was no evidence of primary vaccine failure (observed vaccine efficacy 97%). Sixty-nine (93%) cases were considered preventable. Reasons for the apparent success of the intervention are discussed.

A SCHOOL-BASED MEASLES OUTBREAK: THE EFFECT OF A SELECTIVE REVACCINATION POLICY AND RISK FACTORS FOR VACCINE FAILURE

1990 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
SONJA S. HUTCHINS ◽  
LAURI E. MARKOWITZ ◽  
PAUL MEAD ◽  
DONALD MIXON ◽  
JOHNATHAN SHELINE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
School Based ◽  
Measles Outbreak

scholarly journals Measles outbreak investigation in a highly vaccinated community in the Centre region of Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eposi C. Haddison ◽  
Randolph A. Ngwafor ◽  
Benjamin M. Kagina
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Health District ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
History Of

Background: Measles remains a threat in many African settings due to sub-optimal routine immunisation and catchup campaigns. The Global Vaccine Action Plan goal to eliminate measles by 2020 remains unmet as several countries reported an increase in cases in 2019. In Cameroon, a measles-rubella vaccination campaign was organised in 2019 to reduce the cohort of susceptible children. However, in 2020, eleven suspected cases of measles were notified in the Sa’a Health District and five were confirmed. Objective: This report summarizes a measles outbreak investigation and contact tracing in a highly vaccinated community residing in the Sa’a Health District of Cameroon. Methods: Outbreak investigations were carried out in the Sa’a, Nlong-Onambele and Nkolmgbana health areas from 18 to 21 February 2020. A register review from December 2019 to February 2020 was carried out in all health facilities of the affected health areas. followed by contact tracing in the community. Results: Thirty households were visited in four neighbourhoods. Six missed Epidemiologically-linked cases were discovered in the community, bringing the total number of suspected and confirmed cases to 17. Thirty-five percent of the cases had not received any measles-containing vaccine; 35% of the cases were aged 5 years or older; 53% had history of travel. Community transmission only occurred in the Sa’a health area through a breakthrough case. Conclusions: This outbreak investigation portrayed the role that adequate vaccination coverage plays in preventing widespread outbreaks. Nonetheless, community sensitisation and routine immunisation require strengthening in order to erase pockets of susceptible children.

How to Motivate the Fifth Generation?

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
John L. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Family Learning ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Governance Roles

In mid-2013, the Lee family, which owned the Hong Kong based food and health product giant Lee Kum Kee (LKK), struggled with how best to increase involvement of the fifth generation (G5), the children of the company's current fourth-generation (G4) senior executives and governance leaders. Only two of the fourteen G5 members had joined the company, and few had expressed interest in further involvement, including in the multiple learning and development programs the business offered, such as a mentoring program. Many of the G5 cousins had expressed little interest in business careers in general, and none of them currently was serving as an LKK intern. G4 members observed that their children were busy with family obligations, hobbies, and emerging careers outside the business. G5's lack of interest in business and governance roles was part of a growing pattern of low family engagement in general, exhibited by the cancellation of recent family retreats (once an annual tradition) because of apathy and some underlying conflict. A history of splits among past generations of the Lee family regarding business leadership made the engagement issue even more meaningful and critical. Students will consider the challenge from the point of view of G4 family members David Lee, chairman of the family's Family Office, and his sister, Elizabeth Mok, who ran the Family Learning and Development Center. They and their three siblings saw engaging the next generation as a top priority, one related to key concepts including family-business continuity, generational engagement and empowerment, succession, emotional ownership, and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation.

The SUSPECT SYMPTOMS OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND THE HOMOZYGOSITY LEVEL OF FOURTH GENERATION OF SP450T AND FIFTH GENERATION OF DURA DELI OIL PALM SELFING POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Rokhana Faizah ◽  
Sri Wening ◽  
Hernawan Yuli Rahmadi ◽  
Abdul Razak Purba
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Reciprocal Recurrent Selection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Simple Sequence

Inbreeding is a common method used to reproduce candidate mother plant from selected parental lines for commercial seeds in Reciprocal Recurrent Selection (RRS) oil palm breeding program. However this practice may increased homozigosity level of selected population. This study concerned the level of homozygosity of SP540T fourth generations and Dura Deli Dolok Sinumbah fifth generations (3 crosses respectively) and their correlation with inbreeding depression symptoms. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Simple Sequence Repeat (PCR-SSR) with 16 markers developed for oil palm was used to analyze 327 samples. The result shows that the levels of homozigosity of SP540T fourth selfing generation were ranged between 0.44-0.84 or 0.61 in average. While the levels of homozygosity of Dura Deli fifth selfing generations were ranged between 0.60-0.93 or 0.78 in average. The homozygosity level in Dura Deli was 1.27% higher than SP540T populations. Correlation analysis showed that the higher the level of homozygosity, the higher of the inbreeding symptoms 2 observed (R =0.95).

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Based Live Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Andy Haegeman ◽  
Ilse De Leeuw ◽  
Laurent Mostin ◽  
Willem Van Campe ◽  
Laetitia Aerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preventative Strategy

Vaccines form the cornerstone of any control, eradication and preventative strategy and this is no different for lumpy skin disease. However, the usefulness of a vaccine is determined by a multiplicity of factors which include stability, efficiency, safety and ease of use, to name a few. Although the vaccination campaign in the Balkans against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was successful and has been implemented with success in the past in other countries, data of vaccine failure have also been reported. It was therefore the purpose of this study to compare five homologous live attenuated LSDV vaccines (LSDV LAV) in a standardized setting. All five LSDV LAVs studied were able to protect against a challenge with virulent LSDV. Aside from small differences in serological responses, important differences were seen in side effects such as a local reaction and a Neethling response upon vaccination between the analyzed vaccines. These observations can have important implications in the applicability in the field for some of these LSDV LAVs.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Azuay Province, Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Julio Jaramillo-Monge ◽  
Michael Obimpeh ◽  
Bernardo Vega ◽  
David Acurio ◽  
Annelies Boven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Education Level ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

We investigated the COVID-19 vaccination acceptance level in Azuay province, Ecuador through an online survey from 12th to 26th February (before the start of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Ecuador). Overall, 1219 respondents participated in the survey. The mean age was 32 ± 13 years; 693 participants (57%) were female. In total, 1109 (91%) of the participants indicated they were willing to be vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine, if the vaccine is at least 95% effective; 835 (68.5%) if it is 90% effective and 493 (40.5%) if it is 70% effective; 676 (55.5%) participants indicated they feared side effects and 237 (19.4%) thought the vaccine was not effective. Older age, having had a postgraduate education, a history of a negative COVID-19 test, a high level of worry of contracting COVID-19, believing that COVID-19 infection can be prevented with a vaccine and understanding there is currently an effective vaccine against COVID-19 were associated with higher vaccination acceptance. A vaccination education campaign will be needed to increase the knowledge of Ecuadorians about the COVID-19 vaccine and to increase their trust in the vaccine. People with a lower education level and living in rural areas may need to be targeted during such a campaign.

scholarly journals A 12-month follow-up of an influenza vaccination campaign based on voluntary adherence: report on upper-respiratory symptoms among volunteers and non-volunteers

2001 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Páris Ali Ramadan ◽  
Francisco Barreto de Araújo ◽  
Mario Ferreira Junior
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infections ◽  
Medical Consultations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Upper Respiratory Symptoms

CONTEXT: Routine immunization of groups at high risk for influenza has been progressively implemented as a matter of Brazilian public health policy. Although the benefits of the vaccination for healthy young adults are still controversial, it has been offered yearly to hundreds of thousands of Brazilian workers, generally as part of wellness initiatives in the workplace. OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of subjects that accepted or refused to be vaccinated against influenza and to report on respiratory symptoms in both groups, one year after the campaign date. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: Workers at a subsidiary of an international bank in São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 124 persons that did not accept and 145 that voluntarily accepted the vaccine completed 12 months of follow-up. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Data concerning gender, age, tobacco use, and any history of chronic respiratory illness such as asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, and repetitive upper-respiratory infections, were recorded at the time of vaccination. After that, workers were asked monthly by questionnaire or telephone about respiratory symptoms, days of work lost and medical consultations. RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant differences regarding age (P = 0.004) with the vaccinated group (V) being younger than the non-vaccinated (NV) one, and with reference to previous repetitive upper-respiratory infections being higher among the V group (P < 0.0001). During the follow-up, the V group reported more occurrences of upper respiratory symptoms (P < 0.0001), due to both non-influenza (P < 0.0001) and influenza-like illness (P = 0.045). Differences were also found between V and NV groups concerning days off work and number of medical consultations due to upper-respiratory symptoms and non-influenza illness. Gender and history of repetitive upper-respiratory infections were the best predictors of influenza-like illness-related events. CONCLUSIONS: The making of previous reference to repetitive upper-respiratory infections was a major difference between those who accepted or rejected the vaccine. The vaccination itself was not sufficient to reduce the number of occurrences of respiratory symptoms and related absenteeism to levels similar to those found among non-vaccinated people.

scholarly journals Measles Outbreak Associated With Low Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia, 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. Hales ◽  
Eliaser Johnson ◽  
Louisa Helgenberger ◽  
Mark J. Papania ◽  
Maribeth Larzelere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Federated States Of Micronesia ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Background.  A measles outbreak in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in 2014 affected many persons who had received ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A mass vaccination campaign targeted persons aged 6 months to 49 years, regardless of prior vaccination. Methods.  We evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MCV by comparing secondary attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts after household exposure to measles. Results.  Among 318 contacts, VE for precampaign MCV was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], −425 to 87.3) for 1 dose, 63.4% (95% CI, −103 to 90.6) for 2 doses, and 95.9% (95% CI, 45.0 to 100) for 3 doses. Vaccine effectiveness was 78.7% (95% CI, 10.1 to 97.7) for campaign doses received ≥5 days before rash onset in the primary case and 50.4% (95% CI, −52.1 to 87.9) for doses received 4 days before to 3 days after rash onset in the primary case. Vaccine effectiveness for most recent doses received before 2010 ranged from 51% to 57%, but it increased to 84% for second doses received in 2010 or later. Conclusions.  Low VE was a major source of measles susceptibility in this outbreak; potential reasons include historical cold chain inadequacies or waning of immunity. Vaccine effectiveness of campaign doses supports rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns in outbreak settings.

scholarly journals School-based interventions to address bullying

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Bullying Prevention ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
School Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
School Based Interventions ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Bullying Interventions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Following some background studies on the nature of school bullying, its prevalence, and the negative consequences it can have, this article reviews the history of anti-bullying interventions over the last 30 years. It considers several major programmes in detail, such as the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, KiVa, Steps to Respect, and Friendly Schools. The nature and evaluation of the interventions is discussed, followed by a review of meta-analyses of the programmes effectiveness. Issues considered are the effect at different ages; components of interventions; work with peers; disciplinary methods, non-punitive and restorative approaches; challenges regarding cyberbullying; the role of parents; the role of teachers and teacher training; set menu versus à la carte approaches; sustainability of interventions and societal context. Conclusions show that interventions have had some success, with traditional bullying. However, further progress is needed in strengthening theoretical underpinnings to interventions, and in tackling cyberbullying.

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