A SCHOOL-BASED MEASLES OUTBREAK: THE EFFECT OF A SELECTIVE REVACCINATION POLICY AND RISK FACTORS FOR VACCINE FAILURE

SUMMARYIn an outbreak of measles in North Wales centred on a secondary school in 1991, 74 cases occurred over a period of 51 days. Before the outbreak started, 27 % pupils did not have a history of measles or immunization and were considered susceptible. Active case rinding and identification and vaccination of susceptible contacts commenced after the fourth generation of cases and further reduced the pool of susceptible schoolchildren from 17%, at the onset of the vaccination campaign, to 8%. A fifth generation of cases did not occur. Delays in diagnosis (mean 2·8 days) and notification (mean 6·1 days) hampered control. There was no evidence of primary vaccine failure (observed vaccine efficacy 97%). Sixty-nine (93%) cases were considered preventable. Reasons for the apparent success of the intervention are discussed.

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School-Based Program Promotes Positive Behavior, Reduces Risk Factors for Drug Use, Other Problems

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e493842006-001 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Susan Farrer ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Positive Behavior ◽

School Based

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School-Based Physical Activity Enhancement Programmes to Reduce Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in Developing Island Settings

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3246467 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Brian P. Mangum ◽

Paul Dacanay ◽

Aleczander P. Mangum

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Factors Associated ◽

School Based ◽

Reduce Risk ◽

Activity Enhancement

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Risk Factors for Measles Vaccine Failure Among Immunized Students

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.76.4.518 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 518-523

Author(s):

Harry F. Hull ◽

Jean M. Montes ◽

Patricia C. Hays ◽

Robert L. Lucero

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

School System ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Measles Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Failure ◽

Control Study

An outbreak of measles occurred in a municipal school system which had reported 98% of students immunized against measles. A case-control study was conducted to determine reasons for vaccine failure Vaccine failure was associated with immunizations that could not be documented in the provider's records. Among children with provider-documented immunization, vaccine failure was associated with vaccination at 12 to 14 months of age with an odds ratio of 4.73. Among children vaccinated at 15 months or older, vaccine failure was not associated with time elapsed since vaccination. Studies should be conducted to determine whether unreliable immunization records are a more widespread problem. Further consideration should be given to routine revaccination of children previously vaccinated at 12 to 14 months of age.

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A Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Multiple Chronic Disease Risk Factors Among Adolescents: Co-Design and User Testing of the Health4Life School-Based Program (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.19485 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Katrina Elizabeth Champion ◽

Lauren Anne Gardner ◽

Cyanna McGowan ◽

Cath Chapman ◽

Louise Thornton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

User Testing ◽

School Students ◽

Web Based ◽

Chronic Disease Risk ◽

School Based ◽

Lifestyle Risk

BACKGROUND Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Addressing key lifestyle risk factors during adolescence is critical for improving physical and mental health outcomes and reducing chronic disease risk. Schools are ideal intervention settings, and electronic health (eHealth) interventions afford several advantages, including increased student engagement, scalability, and sustainability. Although lifestyle risk behaviors tend to co-occur, few school-based eHealth interventions have targeted multiple behaviors concurrently. OBJECTIVE This study aims to summarize the co-design and user testing of the Health4Life school-based program, a web-based cartoon intervention developed to concurrently prevent 6 key lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease among secondary school students: alcohol use, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, sedentary recreational screen time, and poor sleep (the <i>Big 6</i>). METHODS The development of the Health4Life program was conducted over 18 months in collaboration with students, teachers, and researchers with expertise relevant to the Big 6. The iterative process involved (1) scoping of evidence and systematic literature review; (2) consultation with adolescents (N=815) via a cross-sectional web-based survey to identify knowledge gaps, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators in relation to the Big 6; (3) content and web development; and (4) user testing of the web-based program with students (n=41) and teachers (n=8) to evaluate its acceptability, relevance, and appeal to the target audience. RESULTS The co-design process resulted in a six-module, evidence-informed program that uses interactive cartoon storylines and web-based delivery to engage students. Student and teacher feedback collected during user testing was positive in terms of acceptability and relevance. Commonly identified areas for improvement concerned the length of modules, age appropriateness of language and alcohol storyline, the need for character backstories and links to syllabus information, and feasibility of implementation. Modifications were made to address these issues. CONCLUSIONS The Health4Life school-based program is the first universal, web-based program to concurrently address 6 important chronic disease risk factors among secondary school students. By adopting a multiple health behavior change approach, it has the potential to efficiently modify the Big 6 risk factors within one program and to equip young people with the skills and knowledge needed to achieve and maintain good physical and mental health throughout adolescence and into adulthood.

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Screening Obese Students for Acanthosis Nigricans and Other Diabetes Risk Factors in the Urban School-Based Health Center

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/0009922811404698 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (8) ◽

pp. 747-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lisa Rafalson ◽

Jill Eysaman ◽

Teresa Quattrin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Center ◽

Acanthosis Nigricans ◽

Urban School ◽

Diabetes Risk ◽

Diabetes Risk Factors ◽

School Based

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension in Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 Years: A School-Based Study in China

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17300 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kai Liu ◽

Chen Li ◽

Haibin Gong ◽

Ye Guo ◽

Bingjie Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Pressure Measurement ◽

Census Data ◽

Blood Pressure Measurement ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Census ◽

School Based ◽

Hypertension Guidelines ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Hypertension in adolescents has attracted increasing attention. However, large, well-designed studies accurately demonstrating epidemiological characteristics of adolescent hypertension remain insufficient. We, therefore, conducted a population-based multicenter study with repeated blood pressure visits to offer precise prevalence of it. We randomly recruited 42 025 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in 6 centers throughout China from 2018 to 2019. The initial hypertension was estimated in all centers through one blood pressure measurement visit. Confirmed hypertension was evaluated in 3 blood pressure visits in 2 of 6 centers including 16 220 subjects. Hypertension was defined using American and Chinese guidelines and standardized by sex and age using 2010 China population census data. Standardized prevalence of initial and confirmed hypertension were 18.6% (95% CI, 17.3%–20.0%) and 5.9% (95% CI, 4.7%–7.2%) using 2017 American Association Pediatrics hypertension guidelines, respectively and which were 24.5% (95% CI, 23.0%–25.9%) and 8.8% (95% CI, 7.3%–10.3%) using 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines. Male (odds ratio [OR], 1.275 [95% CI, 1.070–1.520]), parental hypertension history (OR, 1.387 [95% CI, 1.159–1.660]), higher heart rate (OR, 1.043 [95% CI, 1.037–1.049]), higher waist circumference (OR, 1.036 [95% CI, 1.027–1.046]), and adiposity indexes including overweight (OR, 2.211 [95% CI, 1.781–2.745]), and obesity (OR, 3.085 [95% CI, 2.330–4.084]) were identified as risk factors. In conclusion, the prevalence of hypertension was quite high evaluated by both guidelines with several risk factors, and a single blood pressure measurement visit leads to an overestimation of hypertension prevalence among adolescents.

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Aggregation of behavioral risk factors to noncommunicable chronic diseases: A national school-based study with Brazilian adolescents

Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 137 ◽

pp. 106128

Author(s):

Thatiana J.P. Pinto ◽

Eliane P. Mendonça ◽

Katia V. Bloch ◽

Geraldo M. Cunha ◽

Evandro S.F. Coutinho

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Behavioral Risk Factors ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

School Based ◽

National School

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Prevalence and risk factors of pseudomyopia in a Chinese children population: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316341 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316341

Author(s):

Meng-Tian Kang ◽

Catherine Jan ◽

ShiMing Li ◽

Mayinuer Yusufu ◽

Xintong Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Market Survey ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

School Based ◽

Near Work ◽

Myopic Progression

AimsTo investigate the prevalence and predictors of pseudomyopia in Chinese children and its association with myopia progression.MethodsA prospective, school-based, cohort study of 6- and 13-year-old children was conducted in Anyang, China. Pre-cycloplegic and post-cycloplegic autorefraction were performed at baseline and 1 year later. Pseudomyopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive (SER) error in the better–seeing eye ≤−0.50 D before cycloplegia and >−0.50 D after cycloplegia. Among pseudomyopic children, pseudomyopic power was defined as non-cycloplegic SER subtracted from cycloplegic SER. Market survey was collected in all optometry stores in Anyang city to investigate how cycloplegia is used for refracting children.ResultsA total of 2612 children aged 6 years and 1984 children aged 13 years were included. Of the two cohorts, median cycloplegic SER (IQR) was 1.00 D (0.50, 1.38) and −1.13 D (−2.63, 0.13) respectively, myopia prevalence was 5.2% and 61.0%, pseudomyopia prevalence was 24.1% and 18.9%, and median pseudomyopic power was 1.13 D (0.63, 1.63) and 0.38 D (0.13, 0.88). In both cohorts, greater baseline hyperopia was the strongest predictor of pseudomyopia (p<0.001), whereas time spent on near work was not associated with pseudomyopic power (p>0.05). After 1 year, 15.6% (98/629) of 6-year-olds and 10.7% (40/374) of 13-year-olds with pseudomyopia developed myopia. Compared with myopes, pseudomyopic children with the same pre-cycloplegic SER had slower myopic progression (p<0.001). Among all 127 optometry stores in Anyang, only 4 (3.15%) used cycloplegia for refracting children.ConclusionPseudomyopia is more prevalent in younger, more hyperopic children. Pseudomyopia is not an independent risk factor for myopic progression in this setting.

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