scholarly journals The epidemiology of recurrent bacterial pneumonia in people with AIDS in Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. PURO ◽  
D. SERRAINO ◽  
P. PISELLI ◽  
E. BOUMIS ◽  
N. PETROSILLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Health Organization

Data from AIDS surveillance systems in the World Health Organization European region (1993–2001) were analysed to describe the main epidemiological aspects of recurrent bacterial pneumonia (RBP) as AIDS-defining illness (ADI) in Europe. Among the 153756 AIDS cases analysed, 5796 (3·8%) had RBP. The proportion of RBP was higher (8·3%) in eastern than in western Europe (3·6%), possibly because of a greater propensity of certain countries to diagnose RBP. In western Europe, the proportion of RBP as ADI appeared to increase over time up to 1998 (from 2·5% to 4·5%), and declined thereafter (3·3% in 2001). RBP was strongly associated with intravenous drug use (odds ratio 3·0, 95% CI 2·7–3·3), whereas it did not differ in age groups or geographical areas. The study findings confirm the crucial role of intravenous drug use in the occurrence of RBP and suggest that highly active antiretroviral therapies might have had a postponing impact on the relative frequency of RBP as ADI.

scholarly journals Analysis of the interventions adopted due to the COVID-19 on ARI morbility for Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Quijano-Angarita ◽  
Oscar Espinosa ◽  
Marcela M Mercado-Reyes ◽  
Diana Walteros ◽  
Diana Carolina Malo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Official Declaration

Acute Respiratory Infections are among the leading causes of death globally, particularly in developing countries, and are highly correlated with the quality of health and surveillance systems and effective early interventions in high-risk age groups. According to the World Health Organization, about four million people die each year from mostly preventable respiratory tract infections, making it a public health concern. The official declaration of a pandemic in March 2020 due to the Sars-CoV-2 virus coincided with the influenza season in Colombia and with environmental alerts about low air quality that increase its incidence. The objective of this document is the application of a flexible model for the identification of the pattern and monitoring of ARI morbility for Colombia by age group that shows atypical patterns in the reported series for 5 departments and that coincide with the decisions implemented to contain the COVID-19

scholarly journals Russia and Intolerance towards Drug Problems

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Maria Lúcia Teixeira Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Council ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Drugs And Crime ◽  
Drug Problems

The aim of this article is to examine the problem of drug use in Russia by analysing the direction taken by the drug policies in that country. We conducted an Internet-based literature search using two keywords in English: Russia and drug policy. We began reading the materials identified in the search and organising data. The other sources we used included the websites for the World Health Organization and the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation. The estimated number of people who use illegal drugs in Russia is five million, and of these, 1.7 million are opiate users. In 2012, approximately 2.5 million Russians were drug-dependent[1], and 90% of them used heroin from Afghanistan. With a population of 143 million people, Russia consumes 70 tons of Afghan heroin every year – more than one-fifth of the drug consumed globally – according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Russian drug policy thus calls the world’s attention to what we should not do: focus public policy on actions known to be ineffective for responding to drug use problems.[1] CNPq and Fapes researcher. Research study (no. 485937/2012-3) funded by CNPq – Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Member of Fênix group2 The number of heroin users in countries in Western Europe such as Germany or the United Kingdom is significantly lower – up to 150,000 and 300,000, respectively, according to several estimates. 

scholarly journals Nutrition transition in Chile: determinants and consequences

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1a) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Albala ◽  
Fernando Vio ◽  
Juliana Kain ◽  
Ricardo Uauy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this study was to analyse the determinants and consequences of the nutrition transition in Chile and describe the related health promotion policies.Design and setting: This is a descriptive, population-based study including data on demographic, diet, nutrition and biomedical related variables. Data came from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the National Institute of Statistics (INE), the Ministries of Planning, Health and Education surveillance systems, and national surveys.Results:As malnutrition decreased during the 1980s, obesity increased rapidly in all age groups. In adults, currently about 25% of women are obese (body mass index > 30 kgm−2); particularly those from low socio-economic levels. Among pre-schoolers, obesity is now 10% while in 6-year-old children it is 17.5% (weight/height greater than two standard deviations (>2SD) of the World Health Organization reference). Nutritional risk factors are prevalent, diet is changing to a ‘Western diet’ with an increasing fat consumption, and sedentarianism is constant in all groups. High blood pressure (>140/90) is greater than 10% in adults. Diabetes is increasing in urban areas, including in the indigenous population, and more than 40% of adults have a cholesterol level of more than 200mgml−1.Conclusions:Promotion of healthy lifestyles is the main strategy to cope with this situation, particularly changing behaviour in food habits, physical activity and psychosocial factors. Changes in lifestyles will not only allow the prolonged life expectancy to be of better quality, but also will favour a decrease in the morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS Cases According to the Year of Diagnosis and Selected Characteristics of Cases Registered in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991-2004

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Ravlija ◽  
Sandra Puvačić ◽  
Zlatko Puvačić ◽  
Ivan Curić
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Intravenous Drug Users ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Heterosexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Aids

In the period between 1991-2004, in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina there were altogether 59 registered HIV positive persons, out of those 43 were clinically diagnosed with AIDS. Gender-wise, 83% of the infected were male, and 17% female. The age groups with the highest risk of being infected with HIV are 20-24 and 40-44. The most frequent way of infection is heterosexual intercourse (46%), followed by intravenous drug use (31%), whilst 23% of the registered were infected through homosexual intercourse. Out of 43 diagnosed AIDS cases, 42% are heterosexuals, 35% intravenous drug users, whilst 21 % are homosexual or bisexual. Out of the total number of registered HIV/AIDS cases in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, thirty two died during the mentioned period (54%).

Review of HIV Infection and Intravenous Drug Use.

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-656
Author(s):  
Terri Gullickson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use

April 20 to 26, 2020 – World Immunization Week

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Third World

Infectious diseases in the modern world continue to claim millions of human lives despite the achievements of medicine. While in developed countries the main cause of death is cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is the infectious processes that occupy leading positions in the structure of mortality in the third world countries. About 1.7 million children die from infections that could have been avoided by vaccination according to the World Health Organization. In contrast to the countries of Western Europe, where preventive vaccinations for the population are carried out for a fee, preventive vaccination in the Russian Federation is funded by the state. Immunoprophylaxis includes not only prevention of 12 major infections included in the calendar of preventive vaccinations (diphtheria, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, pneumococcal infections and haemophilus influenzae, influenza), but also vaccination against 17 additional infections in case of epidemiological indications.

Evaluation of Drug Use Based on WHO Prescribing Indicator in Mizan- Tepi University Teaching Hospital, south Western Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Hambisa ◽  
Rediet Feleke ◽  
Ameha Zewudie ◽  
Mohammed Yimam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

Background:: Rational drug use comprises aspects of prescribing, dispensing and patient use of medicines for different health problems. This study is aimed to assess drug prescribing practice based on the world health organization prescribing indicators in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Methods:: An institutional based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate prescribing practices in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Data were collected based on World health organization drug use indicators using prescription papers. 600 prescriptions dispensed through the general outpatient pharmacy of the hospital were collected by systematic random sampling method from prescriptions written for a 1-year time in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Results:: The present study found that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.04 ± 0.87 in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital with a range between 1 and 5. Prescribing by generic name was 97.6 % and 47.8% of prescriptions contained antibiotics in the hospital. 27.7% of prescriptions contained at least one injectable medication in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. From prescribed drugs, 96.7% of them were prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list. Conclusion:: Present study indicated that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the percentage of generic prescribing and prescribing from the EDL were close to optimal value. However, the percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injections prescribed were found be very high. Thus, the study highlights some improvements in prescribing habits, particularly by focusing on the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics and injections.

scholarly journals 191. oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections as a Consequence of Intravenous Drug Use: A Retrospective Study to Demonstrate Noninferiority

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S224-S224
Author(s):  
Aryn M Andrzejewski ◽  
J Alex Viehman
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Oral Therapy ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Treatment Completion ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Oral Group

Abstract Background Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious complications of intravenous drug use (IVDU). Given its polymicrobial nature, studies focusing on SSTIs in the general population may not be generalizable this group. We completed a retrospective chart review to better characterize the safety and efficacy of oral versus intravenous (IV) antibiotics for the treatment SSTIs in IVDU. Methods We reviewed patients admitted with bacterial SSTIs and IVDU from January 01, 2012 to December 31, 2019 based on ICD-10 codes. SSTIs complicated by bacteremia, endocarditis, bone or joint involvement on index admission were excluded. Patients who received < 48 hours of IV antibiotics were considered oral therapy, otherwise they were considered IV therapy. Patient comorbidities, incision and drainage (I&D) status, substance use, microbiology and antimicrobial data were reviewed. Results Of 231 eligible patients, 84 received oral therapy. There was no statistical difference in patient characteristics between the two therapy groups. Streptococcus anginosus group were the most common organisms found (33%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31%). There was no statistical difference between rates of readmission (p=0.87), recurrent primary site infection (p=1.00), repeat debridement (p=0.08) or occurrence of deep-seated infections within 90 days of treatment completion. No morality was observed. The oral group had shorter length of stay (3 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001) and shorter total duration of antibiotics (10 vs. 13 days, p < 0.001). Overall, 90% of those with abscess underwent I&D, which did not differ between therapy groups. Time to I&D was shorter (0 vs. 1 day, p=0.005) in the oral group. Patients who did not receive and I&D were more likely to be readmitted within 90 days (p=0.025). Conclusion In SSTIs related to IVDU, oral antibiotic therapy was noninferior to IV in terms of mortality, readmission, and deep-seated infection rates within 90 days of treatment completion and had a decreased length of stay and total treatment duration. A delay in I&D led to increased length of stay and lack of I&D increased readmission rate. Therefore, a prompt I&D may allow a safe and effective early transition to oral therapy in SSTIs related to IVDU. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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