scholarly journals Wound infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. OLIVER
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Marine Vibrios

Infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by Blake et al. of the US Centers for Disease Control. At that time described as a ‘rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting Vibrio species’, V. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the United States with a hospitalization rate of 0·910 and a case-fatality rate of 0·390. It is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. Infections following ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood, commonly raw oysters, can lead to a primary septicaemia with a fatality rate of 50–60%. An unusual symptom, occurring in 69% of 274 cases reviewed by Oliver, is the development of secondary lesions, typically on the extremities, which are generally severe (often a necrotizing fasciitis) and require tissue debridement or amputation. These cases occur almost exclusively in males over the age of 50 years. Interestingly, this gender specificity has been found to be due to the female hormone oestrogen, which in some manner provides protection against the lethal V. vulnificus endotoxin. Further, most cases occur in persons with certain underlying diseases which are either immunocompromising or which lead to elevated serum iron levels (e.g. liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, haemochromatosis). V. vulnificus infections resulting in primary septicaemia have been extensively studied, and the subject of several reviews. This review concentrates on the wound infections caused by this marine bacterial pathogen, including the more recently described biotypes 2 and 3, with brief discussions of those caused by other marine vibrios, and the increasingly reported wound/skin infections caused by Mycobacterium marinum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Aeromonas hydrophila.

scholarly journals Seasonality, clinical types and prognostic factors of Vibrio vulnificus infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (07) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Han Tsao ◽  
Chun-Chieh Chen ◽  
Shih-Jei Tsai ◽  
Chi-Rong Li ◽  
Wai-Nang Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Fasciitis ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Vulnificus Infection ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Vibrio vulnificus infection, an uncommon but life-threatening illness, manifests as two main types, primary septicemia and primary wound infections.  Little information regarding the seasonality of V. vulnificus infections in tropical areas and prognostic factors of primary V. vulnificus wound infections is available. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted to include 159 V. vulnificus-infected admissions at our institution in southern Taiwan, 63 with primary septicemia (Group 1) and 96 with primary wound infections (Group 2), from 1999 to 2008, for analysis. Results: The case-fatality rate was 24%. Eighty-eight percent of these cases occurred during April to November. During December to March, patients in Group 2 were less likely to have acquired the infection compared with those in Group 1. Group 1 was more likely to have comorbidities and a higher case-fatality rate compared to Group 2. In multivariate analysis, hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis (P=0.024), lesions involving two or more limbs (P=0.043), and shock on admission (P=0.015) were related to an increased mortality risk, while surgery < 24 hours after admission (P=0.001) was related to a decreased mortality risk in Group 1; however, hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis (P=0.045) was the only prognostic factor in Group 2. Conclusion: The presence of hemorrhagic bullous lesion/necrotizing fasciitis is the main prognostic factor for primary septicemia or primary wound infections caused by V. vulnificus. Persons with an underlying immunocompromised status should avoid consuming raw/undercooked seafood or exposing wounds to seawater and should wear clothing during handling of seafood/fishing, especially in warmer months.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus Type Strain ATCC 27562

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Rusch ◽  
Dean A. Rowe-Magnus
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio

ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus has the highest death rate and economic burden per case of any foodborne pathogen in the United States. A complete genome sequence of the type strain promotes comparative analyses with other clinical and environmental isolates, improving our understanding of this important human pathogen and successful environmental organism.

CASE FATALITY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH PERTUSSIS, 1942-1946

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-852
Author(s):  
JEROME L. KOHN ◽  
ALFRED E. FISCHER ◽  
HERBERT H. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
In Infants And Children

Analysis of data on patients with pertussis during 1942-1946 obtained by means of a questionnaire from communicable disease hospitals and from health officers in a number of cities in the United States and Canada showed these results: Case fatality rates of patients admitted to hospitals for treatment have declined substantially in the period under review. This decline is general, both among infants under one year of age and among older children. In 1946, the case fatality rate of the infants hospitalized for the disease was 5.0% in those cities for which data for at least four years were available. This may be compared with the rate of 7.8% in 1942 and 11.1% in 1943. At ages one year and over, the rate was only 1.3% in 1946, as compared with 1.7% in 1942 and 3.7% in 1943. The rates in the hospitals with larger experiences were generally more favorable than in hospitals with smaller experiences. Despite the incomplete reporting of pertussis, which results in exaggerating the case fatality rate for the general population, the level of these rates in the community as a whole was lower than for hospitalized cases. This reflects the higher proportion of the severer cases in the hospitalized group. Indications are that in many places hospitalization is limited more and more to severe cases. Progress in the management of pertussis, especially of the severer cases admitted to hospitals, is believed to be the chief factor in the decline in case fatality of pertussis. A request contained in the questionnaire for an opinion on the severity of pertussis during the period studied elicited few replies, and these replies showed a division of opinion on the matter. It appears unlikely that there has been much of any change in the severity of the disease.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19–Infected Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Han Han ◽  
Tianhui He ◽  
Kristen E Labbe ◽  
Adrian V Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Previous studies have indicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with cancer have a high fatality rate. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies that reported fatalities in COVID-19 patients with cancer. A comprehensive meta-analysis that assessed the overall case fatality rate and associated risk factors was performed. Using individual patient data, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for each variable with outcomes. Results We included 15 studies with 3019 patients, of which 1628 were men; 41.0% were from the United Kingdom and Europe, followed by the United States and Canada (35.7%), and Asia (China, 23.3%). The overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with cancer measured 22.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.3% to 28.0%). Univariate analysis revealed age (OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.80 to 7.06), male sex (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.13), and comorbidity (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.04 to 3.85) were associated with increased risk of severe events (defined as the individuals being admitted to the intensive care unit, or requiring invasive ventilation, or death). In multivariable analysis, only age greater than 65 years (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.45 to 6.88) and being male (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.87) were associated with increased risk of severe events. Conclusions Our analysis demonstrated that COVID-19 patients with cancer have a higher fatality rate compared with that of COVID-19 patients without cancer. Age and sex appear to be risk factors associated with a poorer prognosis.

scholarly journals Aortic valve endocarditis with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A rare zoonosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Jónsdóttir Nielsen ◽  
Bjørn Blomberg ◽  
Shahin Gaïni ◽  
Steinar Lundemoen
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Spare Time

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has an economic impact in animal husbandry by causing infection in swine, sheep and poultry. E. rhusiopathiae is present in the surface mucoid slime on fish, although fishes do not seem to be affected. Humans can get infected, maost often through occupational exposure and may suffer typical erysipeloid infection on exposed skin such as on hands and fingers, or deeper skin infections, and sometimes sepsis and endocarditis, associated with high case-fatality rate. We describe a case of aortic valve endocarditis caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a 59-year-old man who enjoyed fishing in his spare time.

scholarly journals Molecular and Physical Factors That Influence Attachment of Vibrio vulnificus to Chitin

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6158-6165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany C. Williams ◽  
Mesrop Ayrapetyan ◽  
James D. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Type Iv Pili ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iv

ABSTRACTThe human pathogenVibrio vulnificusis the leading cause of seafood-related deaths in the United States. Strains are genotyped on the basis of alleles that correlate with isolation source, with clinical (C)-genotype strains being more often implicated in disease and environmental (E)-genotype strains being more frequently isolated from oysters and estuarine waters. Previously, we have shown that the ecologically distinct C- and E-genotype strains ofV. vulnificusdisplay different degrees of chitin attachment, with C-genotype strains exhibiting reduced attachment relative to their E-genotype strain counterparts. We identified type IV pili to be part of the molecular basis for this observed genotypic variance, as E-genotype strains exhibit higher levels of expression of these genes than C-genotype strains. Here, we used a C-genotype quorum-sensing (QS) mutant to demonstrate that quorum sensing is a negative regulator of type IV pilus expression, which results in decreased chitin attachment. Furthermore, calcium depletion reduced E-genotype strain attachment to chitin, which suggests that calcium is necessary for proper functioning of the type IV pili in E-genotype strains. We also found that starvation or dormancy can alter the efficiency of chitin attachment, which has significant implications for the environmental persistence ofV. vulnificus. With the increasing incidence of wound infections caused byV. vulnificus, we investigated a subset of E-genotype strains isolated from human wound infections and discovered that they attached to chitin in a manner more similar to that of C-genotype strains. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular and physical factors that mediate chitin attachment inV. vulnificus, providing insight into the mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of this pathogen in its native environment.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Adults in the United States, 2003

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. AL-Rawajfah ◽  
Frank Stetzer ◽  
Jeanne Beauchamp Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Estimates

Background.Although many studies have examined nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI), US national estimates of incidence and case-fatality rates have seldom been reported.Objective.The purposes of this study were to generate US national estimates of the incidence and severity of nosocomial BSI and to identify risk factors for nosocomial BSI among adults hospitalized in the United States on the basis of a national probability sample.Methods.This cross-sectional study used the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the year 2003 to estimate the incidence and case-fatality rate associated with nosocomial BSI in the total US population. Cases of nosocomial BSI were defined by using 1 or more International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes in the secondary field(s) that corresponded to BSIs that occurred at least 48 hours after admission. The comparison group consisted of all patients without BSI codes in their NIS records. Weighted data were used to generate US national estimates of nosocomial BSIs. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for nosocomial BSI.Results.The US national estimated incidence of nosocomial BSI was 21.6 cases per 1,000 admissions, while the estimated case-fatality rate was 20.6%. Seven of the 10 leading causes of hospital admissions associated with nosocomial BSI were infection related. We estimate that 541,081 patients would have acquired a nosocomial BSI in 2003, and of these, 111,427 would have died. The final multivariate model consisted of the following risk factors: central venous catheter use (odds ratio [OR], 4.76), other infections (OR, 4.61), receipt of mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.97), trauma (OR, 1.98), hemodialysis (OR, 4.83), and malnutrition (OR, 2.50). The total maximum rescaled R2 was 0.22.Conclusions.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was useful for estimating national incidence and case-fatality rates, as well as examining independent predictors of nosocomial BSI.

scholarly journals The influence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on national case fatality rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Barletta
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundDuring 2021 several new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared with both increased levels of transmissibility and virulence with respect to the original wild variant. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variation, first seen in India, dominates COVID-19 infections in several large countries including the United States and India. Most recently, the Lambda variant of interest with increased resistance to vaccines has spread through much of South America.ObjectiveThis research explores the degree to which new variants of concern 1) generate spikes and waves of fluctuations in the daily case fatality rates (CFR) across countries in several regions in the face of increasing levels of vaccination of national populations and 2) may increase the vulnerability of persons with certain comorbidities.MethodsThis study uses new, openly available, epidemiological statistics reported to the relevant national and international authorities for countries across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Daily CFRs and correlations of fatal COVID-19 infections with potential cofactors are computed for the first half of 2021 that has been dominated by the wide spread of several “variants of concern” as denoted by the World Health Organization.ResultsThe analysis yields a new quantitative measure of the temporal dynamics of mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infections in the form of variations of a proxy case fatality rate compared on a country to-country basis in the same region. It also finds minimal variation of correlation between the cofactors based on WHO data and on the average apparent case fatality rate.

scholarly journals 104. Plague Meningitis - A Systematic Review of Published Cases, Antimicrobial Treatment, and Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S65-S65
Author(s):  
Katharine Cooley ◽  
Shannon Fleck-Derderian ◽  
Christina Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Bubonic Plague

Abstract Background Plague meningitis is a rare but serious manifestation of infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The risk factors, clinical evolution, and optimal treatment strategies of plague meningitis are not well understood, and data is limited to sporadic case reports. To advance knowledge of this condition and support clinical practice recommendations, we conducted a systematic review of published cases of plague meningitis. Methods We reviewed PubMed Central, Medline, Embase, and other databases for publications on plague meningitis in any language. Articles that contained reports of patients with plague meningitis plus information on patient outcome were included. Results Among 1,090 articles identified in our search, we found 54 articles describing 83 cases eligible for inclusion. Cases occurred between 1898 and 2015; mean age of patients was 20.5 years (range 6 wks - 64 yrs) and 65% were male. Most patients lived in the United States (23%), Argentina (18%), Vietnam (12%), or China (12%). Four patients (5%) had primary plague meningitis. More than half (59%) of patients developed meningitis secondary to primary bubonic plague; the remainder developed meningitis secondary to other or unknown forms of plague. Of patients with a bubo, 51% had an axillary bubo. The most common symptoms were fever (66%), nuchal rigidity (43%), and headache (35%); 23 patients had focal neurologic deficits such as cranial nerve abnormality. Case fatality rate was 96% (n=23/24) for patients who did not receive antimicrobial treatment and 42% (n=25/59) for patients treated with antimicrobials. Case fatality rate by antimicrobial received, including patients who received multiple antimicrobial classes, was 50% for sulfonamides (n= 38), 50% for fluoroquinolones (n=2), 19% for aminoglycosides (n=21), 11% for chloramphenicol (n=19), and 0% for tetracyclines (n=14). Conclusion Plague meningitis has a high fatality rate, but antimicrobial treatment can improve patient outcomes. Having an axillary bubo may be a risk factor for developing plague meningitis – in contrast to our findings, a recent analysis found that only 24% of patients with bubonic plague had buboes in the axillary region. Additional research would be helpful to investigate this association further. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals SEIHCRD Model for COVID-19 spread scenarios, disease predictions and estimates the basic reproduction number, case fatality rate, hospital, and ICU beds requirement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avaneesh Singh ◽  
Manish Kumar Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

We have proposed a new mathematical method, SEIHCRD-Model that is an extension of the SEIR-Model adding hospitalized and critical twocompartments. SEIHCRD model has seven compartments: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I), hospitalized (H), critical (C), recovered (R), and deceased or death (D), collectively termed SEIHCRD. We have studied COVID- 19 cases of six countries, where the impact of this disease in the highest are Brazil, India, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. SEIHCRD model is estimating COVID-19 spread and forecasting under uncertainties, constrained by various observed data in the present manuscript. We have first collected the data for a specific period, then fit the model for death cases, got the values of some parameters from it, and then estimate the basic reproduction number over time, which is nearly equal to real data, infection rate, and recovery rate of COVID-19. We also compute the case fatality rate over time of COVID-19 most affected countries. SEIHCRD model computes two types of Case fatality rate one is CFR daily and the second one is total CFR. We analyze the spread and endpoint of COVID-19 based on these estimates. SEIHCRD model is time-dependent hence we estimate the date and magnitude of peaks of corresponding to the number of exposed cases, infected cases, hospitalized cases, critical cases, and the number of deceased cases of COVID-19 over time. SEIHCRD model has incorporated the social distancing parameter, different age groups analysis, number of ICU beds, number of hospital beds, and estimation of how much hospital beds and ICU beds are required in near future.

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