scholarly journals Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. DUBOIS ◽  
M. SINKALA ◽  
P. KALLURI ◽  
M. MAKASA-CHIKOYA ◽  
R. E. QUICK
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Treatment Practice ◽  
Control Study

Between 28 November 2003 and 23 February 2004, 4343 cases and 154 deaths from cholera (case-fatality rate 3·5%) were reported in Lusaka, Zambia. A case-control study was conducted in February 2004 to assess potential transmission routes and prevention strategies. Consumption of raw vegetables was significantly associated with cholera [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·7–13, P=0·003). Consumption of a local sardine-like fish was protective (aOR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·7, P=0·008). Hand soap was present in 90% of control homes and 58% of case homes. Observed hand soap was a strongly protective factor (aOR 0·1, 95% CI 0·04–0·4, P=0·001). No water source or treatment practice was significantly associated with cholera. This study documents the importance of foodborne transmission of cholera, illustrates the protective role of hand washing in an epidemic setting, and identifies a novel possible protective factor, a local fish, which warrants further research.

scholarly journals Allium vegetables intake and endometrial cancer risk

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1576-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Galeone ◽  
Claudio Pelucchi ◽  
Luigino Dal Maso ◽  
Eva Negri ◽  
Maurizio Montella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Endometrial Cancer Risk ◽  
Allium Vegetables ◽  
Control Study

AbstractObjectiveThe potential role of allium vegetables on endometrial cancer risk has been scarcely investigated and the results of previous Chinese studies are not easily applicable to Western populations. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between onion and garlic intake and endometrial cancer, using data from an Italian case–control study.SettingWe analysed data from a multi-centre case–control study of 454 endometrial cancer cases and 908 controls, admitted to the same hospitals for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions. Information was collected by trained interviewers using a validated and reproducible FFQ. Multivariate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were obtained after allowance for recognized confounding factors.ResultsCompared with non-users, the OR of endometrial cancer for successive categories of onion intake were 0·94 (95 % CI 0·72, 1·21) for <2 portions/week and 0·40 (95 % CI 0·22, 0·72) for ≥2 portions/week, with a significant inverse trend in risk (P = 0·01). The OR for an increment of one portion (i.e. 80 g) of onions per week was 0·81 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·95). For garlic, the OR for successive categories of intake were 0·89 (95 % CI 0·68, 1·15) for intermediate use and 0·62 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·92) for high use, with a significant inverse trend in risk (P = 0·02).ConclusionsOur study found a moderate protective role of allium vegetables on the risk of endometrial cancer.

scholarly journals MTHFR and F5 genetic variations have association with preeclampsia in Pakistani patients: a case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feriha Fatima Khidri ◽  
Yar Muhammad Waryah ◽  
Faiza Kamran Ali ◽  
Hina Shaikh ◽  
Ikram Din Ujjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Amplification Refractory Mutation System ◽  
World Population ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants ◽  
First Case ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background To study the role of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of genes related to preeclampsia in Pakistani pregnant women. Methods After ethical approval and getting informed consent; 250 pregnant women were enrolled and equally divided into two groups (125 preeclamptic cases and 125 normotensive pregnant women). Demographic details and medical history were recorded, and 10 ml blood sample was obtained for DNA extraction. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) assays were developed for assessing the variants of three preeclampsia related genes; F5, MTHFR and VEGFA. An association of six SNVs; F5:c.1601G > A (rs6025), F5:c.6665A > G (rs6027), MTHFR: c.665C > T (rs1801133), MTHFR: c.1286A > C (rs1801131), VEGFA: c.-2055A > C (rs699947) and VEGFA: c.*237C > T (rs3025039) with preeclampsia was determined by using different genetic models. Results Genotyping of the SNVs revealed that patients with MTHFR:c.665C > T, have increased susceptibility to preeclampsia (CT versus CC/TT: OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.18–6.59; P* = 0.046 and CT/TT vs CC: OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.29–6.57; P* = 0.0497, in overdominant and dominant models, respectively), whereas F5:c.6665A > G, (A/G vs AA/GG: OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.21–0.84; P* = 0.038 in overdominant model) and MTHFR:c.1286A > C, (CC versus AA: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.18–0.72; P* = 0.0392 in codominant model) have significantly decreased risk for preeclampsia. F5:c.1601G > A, VEGFA: c.-2055A > C and VEGFA: c.*237C > T variants revealed no relationship with the disease. Conclusion This is the first case control study describing the protective role of F5:c.6665A > G against preeclampsia in any world population. In addition, the present study confirmed the association and role of MTHFR gene variations in the development of preeclampsia in Pakistani patients. Further genetic studies may be required to better understand the complex genetic mechanism of SNVs in preeclampsia related genes in pregnant women.

Multiple sclerosis and solar exposure before the age of 15 years: case—control study in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 899-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dalmay ◽  
D. Bhalla ◽  
A. Nicoletti ◽  
JA Cabrera-Gomez ◽  
P. Cabre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Sports ◽  
Control Study

Few studies report a protective role of childhood solar exposure to multiple sclerosis. Our objective was to confirm the protective role of childhood solar exposure in multiple sclerosis in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily. This was a matched case— control study, and cases met Poser criteria for clinically, laboratory (definite, probable) multiple sclerosis. Controls were resident population, without neurological disorder, living close to cases (within 100 km), matched for sex, age (±5 years), residence before age 15. We recruited 551 subjects during a 1-year period (193 cases, Cuba n = 95, Sicily n = 50, Martinique n = 48; 358 controls). Some (89%) met definite clinical multiple sclerosis criteria (relapsing remitting form (with and without sequel) (74%), secondary progressive (21%), primary progressive (5%)). Odds ratios in a uni-variate analysis were: family history of multiple sclerosis (5.1) and autoimmune disorder (4.0); wearing shirt (3.5), hat (2.7), pants (2.4); sun exposure causing sunburn (1.8); sun exposure duration (1 h more/day; weekends 0.91, weekdays 0.86); bare-chested (0.6); water sports (0.2). Independent factors in the multivariate analysis were family history of multiple sclerosis (4.8 (1.50—15.10)), wearing pants under sunlight (1.9 (1.10—3.20)), sun exposure duration (1 h more/ day, weekdays 0.90 (0.85—0.98), weekends 0.93 (0.87—0.99)), water sports (0.23 (0.13—0.40)). We conclude that outdoor leisure activities in addition to sun exposure reports are associated with a reduced multiple sclerosis risk, with evidence of dose response.

scholarly journals Protective Role of HLA-DRB1*13:02 against Microscopic Polyangiitis and MPO-ANCA-Positive Vasculitides in a Japanese Population: A Case-Control Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e0154393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Kawasaki ◽  
Narumi Hasebe ◽  
Misaki Hidaka ◽  
Fumio Hirano ◽  
Ken-ei Sada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Population ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Microscopic Polyangiitis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Interaction Between Retinol Intake and ISX rs5755368 Polymorphism in Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Case-control Study Among the Korean Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Quynh Bui ◽  
Madhawa Gunathilake ◽  
Jeonghee Lee ◽  
Jae Hwan Oh ◽  
Hee Jin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Control Study

Abstract There is limited evidence about the interaction between retinol intake and the intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) rs5755368 polymorphism in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to examine whether the ISX rs5755368 genotypes are associated with the effect of dietary retinol consumption on CRC risk. First, to identify the association between dietary retinol and CRC risk, we recruited 923 CRC patients and 1846 controls. Dietary retinol intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. For genetic analysis, genotype data were available for 1419 patients (600 cases and 819 controls) out of the total study population. ISX rs5755368 genotyping was performed using an Illumina MEGA-Expanded Array. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. Retinol intake was inversely associated with the development of CRC (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.37–0.63) after adjusting for confounders. Patients with homozygous AA genotype of the ISX rs5755368 polymorphism were less likely to have CRC risk than subjects carrying the G allele (AG+GG) (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58–0.99). Additionally, a 68% reduced risk of CRC was related to the highest retinol intake among those carrying the rs5755368 AA genotype compared to the risk of participants carrying the G allele consumed the lowest retinol intake (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.20–0.53; P interaction=0.026). In conclusion, our study confirmed a protective role of retinol intake in CRC risk reduction. Moreover, this association was strengthened significantly among individuals carrying the homozygous AA genotype of the ISX rs5755368 polymorphism.

scholarly journals 530. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients: Single-center experience and case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S332-S332
Author(s):  
Anna Hardesty ◽  
Aakriti Pandita ◽  
Yiyun Shi ◽  
Kendra Vieira ◽  
Ralph Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Organ transplant recipients (OTR) are considered high-risk for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. Case-fatality rates (CFR) vary significantly in different case series, and some patients were still hospitalized at the time of analyses. To our knowledge, no case-control study of COVID-19 in OTR has been published to-date. Methods We captured kidney transplant recipients (KTR) diagnosed with COVID-19 between 3/1 and 5/18/2020. After exclusion of KTR on hemodialysis and off immunosuppression (IS), we compared the clinical course of COVID-19 between hospitalized KTR and non-transplant patients, matched by sex and age (controls). All patients were discharged from the hospital or died. Results 16 KTR had COVID-19. All 3 KTR off IS, who were excluded from further analyses, survived. Median age was 54 (range: 34–65) years; 5/13 KTR (38.4%) were men. Median time from transplant was 41 (range: 1–203) months. Two KTR, both transplanted &gt;10 years ago, were managed as outpatients. IS was reduced in 12/13 (92.3%), most often by discontinuation of the antimetabolite. IL6 levels were &gt;1,000 (normal: &lt; 5) pg/mL in 3 KTR. Tacrolimus or sirolimus levels were &gt;10 ng/mL in 6/9 KTR (67%) (Table 1). Eleven KTR were hospitalized (84.6%) and matched with 44 controls. One KTR, the only one treated with hydroxychloroquine, died (CFR 5.8%; 7.6% in KTR on IS; 9% in hospitalized KTR on IS). Four controls died (CFR: 9%; state CFR: 5.2%; inpatient CFR: 16.6%). There were no significant differences in length of stay or worst oxygenation status between hospitalized KTR and controls. Four KTR (30.7%), received remdesivir, 4 convalescent plasma, 3 (23%) tocilizumab. KTR received more often broad-spectrum antibiotics, convalescent plasma or tocilizumab, compared to controls (Table 2). Table 1 Table 2 Conclusion Unlike early reports from the pandemic epicenters, the clinical course and outcomes of KTR with COVID-19 in our small case series were comparable to those of non-transplant patients. Calcineurin or mTOR inhibitor levels were high, likely due to diarrhea and COVID-19-related hepatic dysfunction. Extremely high IL6 levels were common. The role of IS and potential benefits from investigational treatments remain to be elucidated. A larger multi-institutional study is underway. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Recombinant human interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a protective factor in severe sepsis with thrombocytopenia: A case-control study

Cytokine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Wan ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Fu ◽  
Yikun Chen ◽  
Liping Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Interleukin 11 ◽  
Control Study
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