Haemophilus influenzae colonization and its risk factors in children aged <2 years in northern India

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SEKHAR ◽  
A. CHAKRABORTI ◽  
R. KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Target Children

SUMMARYThe disease burden and the age group of children most affected by Haemophilus influenzae remain controversial particularly in many countries of South Asia. Nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae can indicate the transmission dynamics in these settings. In a prospective population-based study, nasopharyngeal swabs from 1000 children aged <2 years, belonging to various socioeconomic groups from rural and urban areas of northern India were taken. The prevalence of H. influenzae carriage was found to be 11·2%. Among these isolates, 69% belonged to type b and the rest were non-typable. The age group most affected was 18–21 months. The carriage rate was influenced by age and socioeconomic factors namely type of housing, overcrowding, and season. Hib carriage is quite common in northern India and it is associated with age, type of housing, overcrowding, and season. Since carriage gets established early, Hib vaccination should target children in early infancy.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALNOURISHED CHILD BELOW 5 YEARS OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF BIHAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kumar Jha ◽  
Sanjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Status of nutrition reflects the status of health of a country. Infant and young child feeding practices are multidimensional and age specific. Inappropriate feeding practices and their consequences are major obstacles to sustainable socioeconomic development and poverty reduction. This study was a step to sort out various prevailing feeding practices and awareness status of the family of child in rural and urban areas of Bihar state among the age group of below 5 Years and their outcome. This study was a hospital based descriptive study carried out in PMCH (OPD and Indoor) Patna Bihar. Total number of participants in our study is 180 in the age group 0-5 years which was further divided into 3 groups according to their age each group (0-6, 6-24, and24-60months), had 60 participants. These groups were further equally divided on the basis of location rural and urban; these Subgroups were further divided into 2 equal subgroups according to sex. In this study variety of food given is 63% and 50% in urban and rural population respectively. It is revealed that population getting variety of food has significantly better outcome in nutritional status rather than population not getting it. This study has revealed that population getting nearly proper consistency and calories are only 53% and 41% in urban and rural areas respectively. Population getting nearly proper consistency and calories has significantly better outcome in nutritional status rather than population not getting it. Prevalent mode of feeding in children below 6 months in non exclusive BREAST feeding is bottle feeding in rural and urban areas. 42% and 50% of urban and rural population BOTTLE feed their children above 6 months respectively bottle feeding significantly affect the outcome i.e. the poor nutritional status as compared to the KATORI spoon feeding. Keywords: Healthy food, varieties of nutritional food intake, Breast feeding practices.

scholarly journals Changing Incidence of Uterine Cancer in Rural Egypt: Possible Impact of Nutritional and Epidemiologic Transitions

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Saad Alshahrani ◽  
Ahmed Hablas ◽  
Robert M. Chamberlain ◽  
Jane Meza ◽  
Steven Remmenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Low Incidence

PURPOSE Uterine cancer is a top-ranking women’s cancer worldwide, with wide incidence variations across countries and by rural and urban areas. Hormonal exposures and access to health care vary between rural and urban areas, globally. Egypt has an overall low incidence of uterine cancer but variable rural and urban lifestyles. Are there changes in the incidence of uterine cancer in rural and urban areas in middle-income countries such as Egypt? No previous studies have addressed this question from a well-characterized and validated population-based cancer registry resource in middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in clinical and demographic characteristics of uterine cancer over the period of 1999 to 2010 in rural and urban Gharbiah province, Egypt. METHODS Data were abstracted for all 660 patients with uterine cancer included in the Gharbiah Population-based Cancer Registry. Clinical variables included tumor location, histopathologic diagnosis, stage, grade, and treatment. Demographic variables included age, rural or urban residence, parity, and occupation. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) and rate ratios by rural or urban residence were calculated. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in most clinical and demographic characteristics between rural and urban patients. The age standardized IR (ASR) was 2.5 times higher in urban than in rural areas (6.9 and 2.8 per 100,000 in urban and rural areas, respectively). The rate ratio showed that the IR in urban areas was 2.46 times the rate in rural areas. CONCLUSION This study showed that the disease IR in rural areas has increased in the past decade but is still low compared with the incidence in urban areas in Egypt, which did not show a significant increase in incidence. Nutritional transitions, obesity, and epidemiologic and lifestyle changes toward Westernization may have led to IRs increasing more in rural than in urban areas in Egypt. This pattern of increasing incidence in Egypt, which used to have a low incidence of uterine cancer, may appear in other middle-income countries that experience emerging nutritional and epidemiologic transitions. The rate of uterine cancer in urban areas in Gharbiah is almost similar to the corresponding rates globally. However, the rate in rural areas in this population has increased over the past decade but is still lower than the corresponding global rates. Future studies should examine the etiologic factors related to increasing rates in rural areas and quantify the improvement in rural case finding.

Prevalence of rheumatic musculoskeletal symptoms in rural and urban areas : a cross-sectional study in northern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1638-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragini Alok ◽  
Ragini Srivastava ◽  
Puneet Kumar ◽  
Siddharth K. Das ◽  
Girdhar G. Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Appreciation of Artistic Genres in Children with Different Perceptual, Contextual and Analytic Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Sudhakar Venukapalli ◽  
K. V. Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Art Appreciation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Aesthetic Responses ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Analytic Intelligence

Children feel wonder and excitement while perceiving an artwork and their aesthetic responses are evident through their spontaneous expressions. During this process, children understand multiple interpretations of familiar themes. Children’s descriptions of artworks are categorised into three levels of appreciation namely, perceptual level, contextual level and analytical level. The objective of the present study is to explore children’s appreciation of art. The quantitative study investigates children’s descriptions of artworks at various levels of art appreciation. The study employs sixty grade IX children from the state of Telangana. The sample selected include equal number of boys and girls from rural and urban areas and they are in the age group of 13-15 years. The stimuli used in the study are artworks depicting landscapes selected from three artistic genres of representational, semi-representational and abstract artworks. Images of artworks are presented randomly to children to elicit their responses. The results of the study showed that representational artworks are better appreciated by children than semi-representational and abstract artworks. The analysis of children’s expressions of artworks at various levels of appreciation reveals that for all three genres of artworks, children are at the perceptual level of appreciation. Statistical analysis of the results illustrates that there are statistically significant differences in appreciation at the perceptual, contextual, and analytical levels of appreciation of three genres of artworks. The findings of the study may be used by educators in providing art learning experiences to children.

scholarly journals The Differences of Population Birth Defects in Epidemiology Analysis between the Rural and Urban Areas of Hunan Province in China, 2014–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lili Xiong ◽  
Qiongying Chen ◽  
Aihua Wang ◽  
Fanjuan Kong ◽  
Donghua Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Objectives. To compare the differences of epidemiology analysis in population birth defects (BDs) between the rural and urban areas of Hunan Province in China. Methods. The data of population-based BDs in Liuyang county (rural) and Shifeng district (urban) in Hunan Province for 2014–2018 were analyzed. BD prevalence rates, percentage change, and annual percentage change (APC) by sex and age were calculated to evaluate time trends. Risk factors associated with BDs were assessed using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results. The BD prevalence rate per 10,000 perinatal infants (PIs) was 220.54 (95% CI: 211.26-230.13) in Liuyang and 181.14 (95% CI: 161.18-202.87) in Shifeng. Significant decreasing trends in BD prevalence rates were noted in the female PIs ( APC = − 9.31 , P = 0.044 ) and the total BD prevalence rate in Shifeng ( APC = − 14.14 , P = 0.039 ). Risk factors for BDs were as follows: rural area, male PIs, PIs with gestational age < 37 weeks, PIs with birth weight < 2500   g , and migrant pregnancies. Conclusions. We should focus on rural areas, reduce the prevalence of premature and low birth weight infants, and provide maternal healthcare services for migrant pregnancies for BD prevention from the perspective of population-based BD surveillance.

scholarly journals A population based study on injuries in rural and urban areas of Aligarh

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. A152-A152
Author(s):  
S. H. N. Zaidi ◽  
Z. Khan ◽  
N. Khalique ◽  
A. Amir
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals The Impact of Schools and Families in the Religions Perceptions of Children in Albania and Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Loloçi Rita ◽  
Menada Petro
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to identify children`s perceptions regarding the role of religion in their education, their religious belonging, the parent's role in their religious education, and the attitude they have towards other religions. To gather quantitative data regarding the opinion the 10-14 age children have on religion and religious education, a survey was performed in several schools in Albania and Kosovo urban and rural areas (720 students from 8 schools of Durres, 4 in rural areas, and 473 students from 8 schools of Pristina and the surrounding area). A questionnaire was used to fulfill the purpose of the research regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and the perceptions of 10-14 age group on religious education in schools. At the same time, studies of national and international authors were consulted for a better analysis of the problems raised in the questionnaires such as the role and the importance of intercultural education in the coexistence and the harmony between people of different cultures, the education on The Fundamental Rights, the role of the curricula in schools, the difference between families in the rural and urban areas and the effect of the parents’ education on children. The results of the study showed that children of this age group receive the first knowledge about religion from the family. An irreplaceable role in religious education has the media. The school involvement in giving knowledge on religious beliefs in both studied regions will positively influence pupil’s formation, eliminating this way the violation of other people religion that often is present in our schools and not only. A correlation between the tolerance of parents and the tolerance of their children resulted as the consequence of the care that families show to respect different religions and often even sects.

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