Creative and Innovative Education-Based Free Illiteracy Cottage: An Effoert to Eradicate Illiteracy Among Suku Anak Dalam in Batanghari Regency

Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) in Kotoboyo Village, Batanghari Regency is an isolated community group that is currently in a transition phase towards modern life. Guided Village Service activities are carried out to bridge the transition process by providing creative and innovative education-based learning facilities to improve their quality of life. This service is aimed to foster and teach the importance of science by developing the ability to read and write. Therefore, this service establishes the illiterate-free cottage and education group as a means of creative and innovative learning. The learning process involves creating appropriate teaching aids and modules so they can be easily accepted by the target children. In the end, this creative and innovative education-based learning succeeded in increasing cognitive knowledge and learning motivation. Foster children who initially did not know letters and numbers become able to recognize and even write letters and numbers even though they are still in the initial stages. For families and parents of Suku Anak Dalam, the service team finally managed to direct them to actively participate in learning activities and have insight into healthy and clean lives. Many children have also understood the importance of hygiene so that the lives of the inner tribe children are expected to be better.

Associations of observed callous–unemotional behaviors in early childhood with conduct problems and substance use over 14 years

Callous–unemotional (CU) behaviors (i.e., low concern and active disregard for others) uniquely predict severe conduct problems and substance use when present by late childhood. Less is known about the predictive utility of CU behaviors displayed in early childhood, when morality is developing and interventions may be more effective. Children aged 4–7 years (N = 246; 47.6% girls) completed an observational task wherein they were encouraged to tear an experimenter's valued photograph, and blind raters coded children's displayed CU behaviors. During the next 14 years, children's conduct problems (i.e., oppositional defiant and conduct symptoms) and age of onset of substance use were assessed. Compared to children displaying fewer CU behaviors, children displaying greater CU behaviors were 7.61 times more likely to meet criteria for a conduct disorder (n = 52) into early adulthood (95% CI, 2.96–19.59; p = <.0001), and their conduct problems were significantly more severe. Greater CU behaviors were associated with earlier onset of substance use (B = −.69, SE = .32, t = −2.14, p = .036). An ecologically valid observed indicator of early CU behavior was associated with substantially heightened risk for conduct problems and earlier onset substance use into adulthood. Early CU behavior is a powerful risk marker identifiable using a simple behavioral task which could be used to target children for early intervention.

Intergenerational nutrition benefits of India’s national school feeding program

India has the world’s highest number of undernourished children and the largest school feeding program, the Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme. As school feeding programs target children outside the highest-return “first 1000-days” window, they have not been included in the global agenda to address stunting. School meals benefit education and nutrition in participants, but no studies have examined whether benefits carry over to their children. Using nationally representative data on mothers and their children spanning 1993 to 2016, we assess whether MDM supports intergenerational improvements in child linear growth. Here we report that height-for-age z-score (HAZ) among children born to mothers with full MDM exposure was greater (+0.40 SD) than that in children born to non-exposed mothers. Associations were stronger in low socioeconomic strata and likely work through women’s education, fertility, and health service utilization. MDM was associated with 13–32% of the HAZ improvement in India from 2006 to 2016.

The Kids Are Alright: Outcome of a Safety Programme for Addressing Childhood Injury in Australia

Globally, injuries are the leading cause of death and represent the highest burden of ongoing disease amongst children 1–16 years of age. Increasingly, prevention programmes are recognising a growing need for intervention strategies that target children. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the SeeMore Safety Programme, designed to teach children (4–6 years of age) how to make conscious decisions about their own capabilities related to safety and how to manage risk. This retrospective study examined de-identified pre- and post-programme data from a sample of 1027 4 to 6-year-old pre-school children over the four-year period who participated in the SeeMore Safety Programme. Results show a significant improvement in each of the post-test scores and when compared to the pre-test scores (p < 0.001). Children from rural areas, as well as those from areas of greater disadvantage, also showed significant improvement in their pre- and post-test scores (p < 0.001). Overall, the findings highlight that the SeeMore Safety Programme over the four-year period demonstrates an increase in the children’s capacity to recognise and identify danger and safety amongst all children, offering great promise for reducing the burden of injury on children, their families and society.

Parental awareness of new online advertising techniques targeting children: an exploratory study of American parents

Purpose This study aims to examine what parents from across the USA know about online advertising/marketing tactics directed at children, their familiarity with these tactics and what they believe about the appropriateness of using these promotional methods to target children. Design/methodology/approach The online survey company Qualtrics was used to collect data from 500 parents in the USA. Parents had to have at least one child between the ages of 5 and 14 to participate. To ensure socio-economic diversity, half of the participants had an associate degree or more of schooling while the other half of participants had some college or less. Participants were given vignettes describing 11 different online advertising/marketing tactics and were asked how familiar they were with each tactic, whether they could identify the tactic by name, at what age they believed their child could understand the promotional intent of the tactic and the age that they thought it was ethical to use this tactic with children. Findings The results revealed that parents were only moderately familiar with many of these advertising/marketing tactics and had difficulty identifying most of them by name. In addition, parents reported that, on average, most 11-year-old children would understand the purpose of these marketing approaches and that it was ethical to target children with them. Originality/value The results of this exploratory study offer researchers some key insights into how American parents perceive online advertising that targets children.

Designing Schools for Children with Impairments: The Powers of Architecture

© 2019 Common Ground Research Networks, Jacqueline McIntosh, Bruno Marques, Joelle Lim, All Rights Reserved. Education is an important foundation of society yet children with impairments have limited opportunities for participation in school activities. There is a lack of functionality in the design of school spaces and outdoor play areas for children with impairments, arguably as there are insufficient performance guidelines that target the body condition of children with impairments. Architectural barriers that prevent a child's participation in school can decrease their quality of life, often resulting in the further deterioration of their health. This research explores existing knowledge across disciplines aimed at promoting and facilitating impaired children's physical and mental resilience and well-being in a school environment. The research method involves systematic evaluation of the current school design knowledge surrounding the creation of learning environments that target children with impairments and proposes a set of performance-based design criteria. It finds that there is a lack of health research examining the usefulness of classroom and play spaces for children with impairments, which prohibit an ideal learning environment for children with multiple impairments. In addition, it finds a demand for greater integration of outdoor play with education, which in turn can make participation within schools more enjoyable.

Designing Schools for Children with Impairments: The Powers of Architecture

© 2019 Common Ground Research Networks, Jacqueline McIntosh, Bruno Marques, Joelle Lim, All Rights Reserved. Education is an important foundation of society yet children with impairments have limited opportunities for participation in school activities. There is a lack of functionality in the design of school spaces and outdoor play areas for children with impairments, arguably as there are insufficient performance guidelines that target the body condition of children with impairments. Architectural barriers that prevent a child's participation in school can decrease their quality of life, often resulting in the further deterioration of their health. This research explores existing knowledge across disciplines aimed at promoting and facilitating impaired children's physical and mental resilience and well-being in a school environment. The research method involves systematic evaluation of the current school design knowledge surrounding the creation of learning environments that target children with impairments and proposes a set of performance-based design criteria. It finds that there is a lack of health research examining the usefulness of classroom and play spaces for children with impairments, which prohibit an ideal learning environment for children with multiple impairments. In addition, it finds a demand for greater integration of outdoor play with education, which in turn can make participation within schools more enjoyable.

1392. Evaluation of the Impact of a Single-dose Hepatitis A Vaccination in Brazil: a time-series analysis

Background Brazil has transitioned from an intermediate to low hepatitis A virus endemic country, increasing the risk of severe Hepatitis A (HepA) disease. To control transmission, the HepA vaccine, MSD, was introduced in the National Childhood Immunization Program (NIP) in 2014 for children aged 12-24 months and extended to children under 5 years old in 2017. We evaluated the impact of the vaccination on the HepA incidence, associated healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and costs. Methods We conducted an observational, retrospective study using Brazilian National Public Health Data (DATASUS). An interrupted time-series analysis was conducted for incidence rates (IR) of laboratory- or clinically-confirmed Hep A cases. Using a negative binomial regression model, we assessed changes in annual HepA IR between pre- (2010-2013) and post- (2015-2018) HepA vaccination periods and compared to predicted counterfactual rates without HepA vaccination. We compared HCRU and cost of Hep A-associated hospitalizations and outpatient procedures between pre- and post- HepA vaccination periods. Results Between 2010 and 2018, 32,295 Hep A cases occurred across all ages. Among the NIP target children aged 1-4 years, HepA vaccination was associated with an immediate HepA IR decrease (-52,5% of level change) and with a decrease in slope (-7.7% vs -67.6% per year for pre- and post-periods, respectively, Figure 1). We observed a similar trend in non- HepA vaccination target children aged 5-14 years with -57.1% of level change and slope change from -3.4% (pre- HepA vaccination) to -53.7% (post- HepA vaccination) per year (Table 1). Across all age groups, 14,468 Hep A cases were averted when compared to predicted counterfactual rates (Table 2). Overall, HepA-related hospitalization rate dropped 64% after NIP introduction of vaccination resulting in a cost reduction of 55%. The total number of outpatient procedures claimed among HepA-diagnosed patients reduced 18% with 42% cost reduction. Figure 1: time-series analyses of Hepatitis A incidence rate (IR) for NIP target population. Monthly number of hepatitis A cases observed over the study period (black line). Predicted trend based on the pre- HepA vaccination (red line) and post- HepA vaccination (blue line) monthly cases Table 1: Time-series analysis of the impact of the hepatitis A vaccination on the incidence rate level of change, according to age group Table 2: Number of observed, predicted counterfactual, and averted hepatitis A cases in the post- HepA vaccination period (2015-2018), according to age group. Conclusion In Brazil, the single-dose hepatitis A vaccine childhood program effectively reduced the Hepatitis A incidence, HCRU and associated-costs in vaccinated and in some non-vaccinated age groups. Disclosures Ana Luiza Bierrenbach, MD, MSc, PhD, MSD Brazil (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support) Yoonyoung Choi, PhD, MS, RPh, Merck (Employee) Paula M. Batista, BSc, MSD Brazil (Employee) Fernando Serra, MD, MSD Brazil (Employee) Cintia Parellada, MD, PhD, MSD Brazil (Employee) Guilherme Julian, BSc, MSc, IQVIA (Employee)MSD (Consultant, Research Grant or Support) Karina Nakajima, BSc, PhD, IQVIA (Employee)MSD (Consultant, Research Grant or Support) Thais Moreira, MD, MSc, MSD Brazil (Employee)