An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT191a associated with reptile feeder mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
pp. 1254-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. HARKER ◽  
C. LANE ◽  
E. DE PINNA ◽  
G. K. ADAK
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYIn December 2008 an increase of tetracycline-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage-type 191a (DT191a) was identified in England and Wales by the reference laboratory. This was confirmed to have a phage-typing pattern that had not previously been seen. Strong statistical evidence for an association between illness and keeping reptiles was demonstrated by a matched case-case study (mOR 16·82, 95% CI 2·78–∞). Questionnaires revealed an association with frozen reptile feeder mice, and mice representing 80% of the UK supply lines were tested for the presence of Salmonella. DT191a was found in three pools of sampled mice, which were traced back to a single supplier in the USA. Imports from this supplier were halted, and tighter regulations are now in place. A leaflet detailing how to prevent contracting Salmonella from pet reptiles has been published as well as updated advice on the Health Protection Agency's website.

scholarly journals Plasmid profile typing can be used to subdivide phage-type 49 ofSalmonella typhimuriumin outbreak investigations

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Threlfall ◽  
J. A. Frost ◽  
L. R. Ward ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Outbreak Investigations

SUMMARYPlasmid profile typing has been used to subdivide phage-type 49 ofSalmonella typhimurium, the most common phage type in humans in England and Wales since 1985. Twenty profile patterns have been identified in 350 strains examined.Four profile patterns have been identified in 143 isolates from patients infected in 33 epidemiologically unrelated incidents and two patterns have predominated, ST49:62 and ST49:62,1. These patterns were also common amongstS. typhimuriumphage-type 49 isolated from cattle and poultry; however ST49:62 was more common in bovines whereas ST49:62,1 predominated in poultry.S. typhimuriumphage-type 49 with a different profile pattern, ST49:62, 3, was responsible for a large outbreak in London in 1988 which was traced to mayonnaise made from eggs supplied by one producer. Plasmid profile typing can now be regarded as a method of supplementing phage typing in investigating outbreaks caused by this organism.

scholarly journals Phage type/biotype groups of Salmonella typhimurium in Scotland 1974–6: variation during spread of epidemic clones

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Barker D.C. Old ◽  
J. C. M. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Combined Use

SUMMARYBiotyping by the scheme of Duguid et al. (1975) of 2010 cultures of Salmonella typhimurium received by the Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory in 1974–6, the definitive phage types of which were known, revealed 137 different phage type/biotype groups. Four major epidemic clones, comprising 52 % of the cultures, were recognized: 1/2a, 49/26a, 56/17g and 141/9f. The sources of each of these four groups of strains were primarily bovine (587 cultures) and human (361), suggesting a close association between infections in the two hosts.Epidermiological evidence showed that most of the outbreaks were caused by cultures of a single phage type/biotype, suggesting that both phage typing and biotyping characters were usually stable in the course of spread of epidemic strains.Thirty-two of the 63 phage types contained strains of more than one biotype. Cultures from 11 of the phage types were of two or more closely related biotypes and those from 21 others were of unrelated or distantly related biotypes. The combined use of phage typing and biotyping made it possible to detect occasional variations in the phage type or biotype in epidemic clones during their spread, e.g. phage type 49 to 204, 56 to 193, 141 to 193 and biotype 2a to lOa, 9f to 9bf, or 9cf, 26a to 26f.

scholarly journals Digital curation: the development of a discipline within information science

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1318-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Curation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Financial Ecology

Purpose Digital curation addresses the technical, administrative and financial ecology required to ensure that digital information remains accessible and usable over the long term. The purpose of this paper is to trace digital curation’s disciplinary emergence and examine its position within the information sciences domain in terms of theoretical principles, using a case study of developments in the UK and the USA. Design/methodology/approach Theoretical principles regarding disciplinary development and the identity of information science as a discipline are applied to a case study of the development of digital curation in the UK and the USA to identify the maturity of digital curation and its position in the information science gamut. Findings Digital curation is identified as a mature discipline which is a sub-meta-discipline of information science. As such digital curation has reach across all disciplines and sub-disciplines of information science and has the potential to become the overarching paradigm. Practical implications These findings could influence digital curation’s development from applied discipline to profession within both its educational and professional domains. Originality/value The disciplinary development of digital curation within dominant theoretical models has not hitherto been articulated.

scholarly journals The ShaRInK framework: a holistic perspective on key categories of influences shaping individual perceptions of knowledge sharing

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Schauer ◽  
Ana Cristina Vasconcelos ◽  
Barbara Sen
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
Information Technology Services ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – This paper aims to present a holistic framework, termed ShaRInK (Sharer, Relations, Institution, Knowledge), that depicts key categories of influences that shape individual perceptions of knowledge sharing within an organisational setting. Design/methodology/approach – An exploratory and qualitative case study strategy in which empirical data were gathered from 24 interviewees that were based in four different branches (i.e. China, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA) of a single information technology services organisation. Findings – The findings led to a holistic framework that depicts four key categories of influences that shape knowledge sharing from an individual perspective: attitudes and characteristics of the sharers, relations between the sharers, institutions which act as a united entity on sharer perceptions and knowledge itself. Furthermore, the four key influences not only shape knowledge sharing independently but are intertwined and have a synergistic effect. The ShaRInK framework is formed by combining these. Originality/value – The findings indicate that knowledge sharing from an individual-level perspective is a more complex phenomenon than currently portrayed in the literature. All four key influences, each being fundamentally different in nature, and their relationships should be taken into account. Equally, the ShaRInK framework can be applied by organisations when developing a knowledge-sharing strategy or auditing existing strategies.

scholarly journals An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, probably spread by infected meat

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
T. H. Price ◽  
W. Bate ◽  
D. R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
The Public ◽  
Infected Meat

An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, in which 122 persons were infected, is described.Isolation of the same organism from the drains of two large abattoirs, from pig faeces at one abattoir, and from the floor drains of fifteen out of fifty-four butchers' shops and bakehouses examined, together with records showing that this organism had been recently isolated from pigs and cattle in the neighbourhood, suggested that meat was the vehicle of infection.We are indebted to Dr E. S. Anderson and the staff of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, for phage-typing the cultures of S. typhi-murium.We should like to thank Prof. Scott Thomson for his encouragement and advice in the preparation of this paper and Mr J. Morgan and Mr B. M. Jones of the Public Health Laboratory, Cardiff, for their technical assistance.

Contemporary Narratives of Mass Incarceration

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Ian Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
International Context ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past ◽  
Penal State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The rise in rates of imprisonment since the late 1970s is one of the most striking features of social policy. The USA and England and Wales have been the “leaders” in these developments. The rate of imprisonment doubled in the UK in the twenty years to 2015. This chapter will begin with a discussion of the historicity of mass incarceration and the penal state. It will examine the expansion of the use of imprisonment in England and Wales over the past thirty years. In contrast to the previous theoretically orientated chapters, this will focus on data such as the rates of imprisonment and the development of policy within this field. The chapter will also provide a comparative analysis that will place the development of the penal state in England and Wales within an international context.

Analysis and visualization of COVID-19 discourse on Twitter using data science: a case study of the USA, the UK and India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Ilyas ◽  
Ahmed Anwar ◽  
Ussama Yaqub ◽  
Zamil Alzamil ◽  
Deniz Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sentiment ◽  
The People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

Purpose This paper aims to understand, examine and interpret the main concerns and emotions of the people regarding COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, the USA and India using Data Science measures. Design/methodology/approach This study implements unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods, i.e. topic modeling and sentiment analysis on Twitter data for extracting the topics of discussion and calculating public sentiment. Findings Governments and policymakers remained the focus of public discussion on Twitter during the first three months of the pandemic. Overall, public sentiment toward the pandemic remained neutral except for the USA. Originality/value This paper proposes a Data Science-based approach to better understand the public topics of concern during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Transmissible drug resistance in an epidemic strain ofSalmonella typhimurium

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Datta
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Epidemic Strain ◽  
No Elimination

Among 309 cultures ofSalmonella typhimurium, phage-type 27, fifteen, isolated from eight patients, were found to be resistant to the three drugs, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphathiazole. This triple resistance could be transferred by growth in mixed broth culture to a strain ofSkigella sonneiand back again to sensitive cultures ofS. typhimurium. In whole cultures the resistance was stable, but spontaneous loss could be demonstrated in a small proportion of the organisms in such cultures. No elimination of resistance was demonstrated after treatment with acriflavine. Resemblances to the multiple drug resistance in enteric bacteria reported from Japan are noted.The author is most grateful to Dr E. S. Anderson, Director of the Enteric Reference Laboratory, Colindale, N.W. 9, for phage-typing the cultures ofSalmonella typhimurium, and to Dr K. Patricia Carpenter, Director of the Dysentery Reference Laboratory, for supplying cultures ofSh. sonneiwhich were essential for the experimental work.

An Investigation Into ‘Lean-BIM' Synergies in the UK Construction Industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
David J Greenwood ◽  
Lou Thai Jie ◽  
Kay Rogage
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Interaction Matrix ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Lean Principles ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Building Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

This article highlights the advantages of Lean Construction (‘Lean') and Building Information Modelling ('BIM') that have received much attention. Individually, each promises transformative and beneficial effects on the construction process, prompting researchers to consider the possibility of synergies between the two. An early example is the hypothetical ‘Lean-BIM Interaction Matrix' of Rafael Sacks and his collaborators. In this, Lean principles are set against BIM functionality and synergies predicted. Early tests of the proposals were through retrospective case studies. Further promising results have been demonstrated in construction projects in the USA. This suggests that similar results might be possible elsewhere, prompting the present UK study. The methodological approach is case-study based on projects where the contractor purports to be using (i) Lean principles, (ii) BIM, and (iii) both. Evidence will be collected through a variety of means (including interviews, documents, and observation). The research is currently at a stage where data has been collected from the first few case-study projects.

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