scholarly journals Low-level antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the nares of pig-exposed persons

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. FISCHER ◽  
K. HILLE ◽  
A. MELLMANN ◽  
F. SCHAUMBURG ◽  
L. KREIENBROCK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Morganella Morganii ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Nasal Swabs

SUMMARYExtended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) have recently emerged in livestock and humans. Therefore, this study assessed the carriage of Enterobacteriaceae in the anterior nares and associated antimicrobial resistance in pig-exposed persons. Nasal swabs were enriched in non-selective broth and then plated on MacConkey and ESBL-selective agars. Species was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Of 114 pig-exposed persons tested, Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the nares of 76 (66·7%) participants. The predominant species were Proteus mirabilis (n = 17, 14·9%), Pantoea agglomerans (n = 13, 11·4%), Morganella morganii (n = 9, 7·9%), Citrobacter koseri (n = 9, 7·9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris (each n = 8, 7·0%). ESBL-E were not detected. Of all isolates tested, 3·4% were resistant against ciprofloxacin, 2·3% against gentamicin, 23·9% against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 44·3% against tigecycline. Despite the high prevalence of ESBL-E in livestock, pig-exposed persons did not carry ESBL-E in their nares. This finding is important, because colonization of the nasal reservoir might cause endogenous infections or facilitate transmission of ESBL-E in the general population.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Grain-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA COOK ◽  
RICHARD J. REID-SMITH ◽  
REBECCA J. IRWIN ◽  
SCOTT A. McEWEN ◽  
VIRGINIA YOUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Testing Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study estimated the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail grain-fed veal obtained in Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. Veal samples (n = 528) were collected from February 2003 through May 2004. Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from 18 (4%) of 438 samples and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 6 (29%) of 21 Salmonella isolates; 5 (24%) of 21 isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. No resistance to antimicrobials of very high human health importance was observed. Ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance was found in 5 (3%) of 21 Salmonella isolates. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 5 (1%) of 438 samples; 6 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was documented in 3 (50%) of 6 Campylobacter isolates. No Campylobacter isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials or category I antimicrobials. E. coli isolates were recovered from 387 (88%) of 438 samples; 1,258 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 678 (54%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates; 128 (10%) of 1,258 were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Five (0.4%) and 7 (0.6%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, respectively, while 34 (3%) of 1,258 were resistant to nalidixic acid. Ciprofloxacin resistance was not detected. There were 101 different resistance patterns observed among E. coli isolates; resistance to tetracycline alone (12.7%, 161 of 1,258) was most frequently observed. This study provides baseline prevalence and antimicrobial resistance data and highlights potential public health concerns.

scholarly journals A Multispecies Cluster of GES-5 Carbapenemase–Producing Enterobacterales Linked by a Geographically Disseminated Plasmid

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2553-2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Ellington ◽  
Frances Davies ◽  
Elita Jauneikaite ◽  
Katie L Hopkins ◽  
Jane F Turton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Rapid Diagnostics ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Accurate Treatment ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Early and accurate treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant organisms is facilitated by rapid diagnostics, but rare resistance mechanisms can compromise detection. One year after a Guiana Extended-Spectrum (GES)-5 carbapenemase–positive Klebsiella oxytoca infection was identified by whole-genome sequencing (WGS; later found to be part of a cluster of 3 cases), a cluster of 11 patients with GES-5–positive K. oxytoca was identified over 18 weeks in the same hospital. Methods Bacteria were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. Ertapenem-resistant isolates were referred to Public Health England for characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of GES, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and WGS for the second cluster. Results The identification of the first GES-5 K. oxytoca isolate was delayed, being identified by WGS. Implementation of a GES-gene PCR informed the occurrence of the second cluster in real time. In contrast to PFGE, WGS phylogenetic analysis refuted an epidemiological link between the 2 clusters; it also suggested a cascade of patient-to-patient transmission in the later cluster. A novel GES-5–encoding plasmid was present in K. oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae isolates from unlinked patients within the same hospital group and in human and wastewater isolates from 3 hospitals elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Conclusions Genomic sequencing revolutionized the epidemiological understanding of the clusters; it also underlined the risk of covert plasmid propagation in healthcare settings and revealed the national distribution of the resistance-encoding plasmid. Sequencing results also informed and led to the ongoing use of enhanced diagnostic tests for detecting carbapenemases locally and nationally.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Retail Pork in Major Village Markets in Tai'an Region, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1635-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengmin Miao ◽  
Song Li ◽  
Kun Qin ◽  
Yufa Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Pork Samples

ABSTRACT The current study was undertaken to evaluate Salmonella contamination in retail pork at major village markets of the Tai'an region, China. In total, 200 retail pork samples were collected from four village markets between June 2015 and February 2016, of which 69 samples (34.5%) were determined to be positive for Salmonella. Eleven serotypes were identified from the 69 Salmonella isolates, and Salmonella Derby was the most common (18 of 69, 26.1%), followed by Typhimurium (17 of 69, 24.6%) and Meleagridis (11 of 69, 15.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that antimicrobial resistance against tetracycline was the most prevalent (42 of 69, 60.9%), but antimicrobial resistance against both ceftriaxone and cefotaxime was 1.4% (1 of 69) and 2.9% (2 of 69), respectively. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the 69 Salmonella isolates were divided into 11 sequence types (STs), among which ST40 (18 of 69, 26.1%) was the most common, followed by ST34 (15 of 69, 21.7%) and ST64 (13 of 69, 18.8%). Collectively, retail pork at village markets in the Tai'an region has a high Salmonella contamination rate, and these isolates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. However, the absence of a dominant ST demonstrates that the Salmonella isolates from retail pork may be of diverse origins.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of a novel bla CTX-M-3-carrying Tn6741 transposon in Morganella morganii isolated from swine

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094
Author(s):  
Xingwei Luo ◽  
Yajun Zhai ◽  
Dandan He ◽  
Xiaodie Cui ◽  
Yingying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Morganella Morganii ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Environment ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
First Time

Introduction. The bla CTX-M-3 gene has rarely been reported in Morganella morganii strains and its genetic environment has not yet been investigated. Aim. To identify the bla CTX-M-3 gene in M. morganii isolated from swine and characterize its genetic environment. Methodology. A M. morganii isolate (named MM1L5) from a deceased swine was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The bla genes were detected and then the genetic location and environment of bla CTX-M-3 were investigated by Southern blot and PCR mapping, respectively. The M. morganii bla CTX-M-3 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . Results. Isolate MM1L5 harboured the bla CTX-M-3 and bla TEM-1 genes. The bla CTX-M-3 gene, located on the chromosome, was co-carried with an IS26 and bla TEM-1 gene by a novel 6361 bp IS26-flanked composite transposon, designated Tn6741. This transposon consisted of a novel bla CTX-M-3-containing module, IS26-ΔISEcp1-bla CTX-M-3-Δorf477-IS26 (named Tn6710), and a bla TEM-1-containing module, IS26-Δorf477-bla TEM-1-tnpR-IS26, differing from previous reports. Phylogenetic analysis showed a significant variation based on the sequence of Tn6741, as compared to those of other related transposons. Interestingly, although the cloned bla CTX-M-3 gene could confer resistance to ceftiofur, cefquinome, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, one amino acid substitution (Ile-142-Thr) resulted in a significant reduction of resistance to these antimicrobials. Conclusion. This is the first time that bla CTX-M-3 has been identified on a chromosome from a M. morganii isolate. Furthermore, the bla CTX-M-3 gene was located with an IS26 element and bla TEM-1 gene on a novel IS26-flanked composite transposon, Tn6741, suggesting that Tn6741 might act as a reservoir for the bla CTX-M-3 and bla TEM-1 genes and may become an important vehicle for their dissemination among M. morganii .

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the South African private sector report for 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Olga Perovic ◽  
Husna Ismail ◽  
Erika Van Schalkwyk ◽  
Warren Lowman ◽  
Elizabeth Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Action ◽  
High Level

Aim: The relevance of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance is increasingly recognised in the light of a global action plan to combat resistance. This report presents antimicrobial susceptibility testing on ESKAPE pathogens from private sector laboratories in South Africa for 2016.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) performed on ESKAPE organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli) isolated from blood cultures at four private pathology laboratories in 2016 were analysed. Analysis and reporting of data were done via a uniform platform created by the NICD for national AST data.Results: AST were reported on 9 029 ESKAPE organisms including 58% Enterobacteriaceae, 28% Gram-positive bacteria and 14% Gram-negative bacteria and drug-bug combination was performed following the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS) guidelines by the World Health Organization.Conclusions: The most important resistance to address is a high level of ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae, which necessitates the use of carbapenems for treatment. Resistance to carbapenems is recorded in this report but not confirmation of genes by genotypic methods. During this period, no increase in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was observed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Clostridium difficile among hospitalized diarrheal patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262597
Author(s):  
Tebelay Dilnessa ◽  
Alem Getaneh ◽  
Workagegnehu Hailu ◽  
Feleke Moges ◽  
Baye Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Background Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea that develops in patients after hospitalization during antibiotic administration. It has also become a big issue in community-acquired diarrhea. The emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile poses a major problem in hospital-associated diarrhea outbreaks and it is difficult to treat. The antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile has worsened due to the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics including cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones together with the emergence of hypervirulent strains. Objective To estimate the pooled prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of C. difficile derived from hospitalized diarrheal patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed to review published studies conducted. We searched bibliographic databases from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for studies on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on C. difficile. The weighted pooled prevalence and resistance for each antimicrobial agent was calculated using a random-effects model. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias. Results A total of 15 studies were included. Ten articles for prevalence study and 5 additional studies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. difficile were included. A total of 1967/7852 (25%) C. difficile were isolated from 10 included studies for prevalence study. The overall weighted pooled proportion (WPP) of C. difficile was 30% (95% CI: 10.0–49.0; p<0.001). The analysis showed substantial heterogeneity among studies (Cochran’s test = 7038.73, I2 = 99.87%; p<0.001). The weighed pooled antimicrobial resistance (WPR) were: vancomycin 3%(95% CI: 1.0–4.0, p<0.001); metronidazole 5%(95% CI: 3.0–7.0, p<0.001); clindamycin 61%(95% CI: 52.0–69.0, p<0.001); moxifloxacin 42%(95% CI: 29–54, p<0.001); tetracycline 35%(95% CI: 22–49, p<0.001); erythromycin 61%(95% CI: 48–75, p<0.001) and ciprofloxacin 64%(95% CI: 48–80; p< 0.001) using the random effect model. Conclusions A higher weighted pooled prevalence of C. difficile was observed. It needs a great deal of attention to decrease the prevailing prevalence. The resistance of C. difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin was low compared to other drugs used to treat C. difficile infection. Periodic antimicrobial resistance monitoring is vital for appropriate therapy of C. difficile infection.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage rate and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among the food handlers in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Šegalo ◽  
Daniel Maestro ◽  
Zarema Obradović ◽  
Anes Jogunčić
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Carriage Rate

Introduction: The nasals and hand carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers (FHs) represent a significant source of Staphylococcal food contamination and food poisoning. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a microorganism’s ability to resist the action of one or more antimicrobial agents. S. aureus has demonstrated the ability to rapidly respond to each new antimicrobial with the development of a resistance mechanism. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of nasal carriage rate and AMR pattern of isolated strains S. aureus among FHs in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: The retrospective study included laboratory results of 11.139 tested subjects between January 2014 and December 2018. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Institute of Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Samples of nasal swabs were collected from FHs, employees in companies located in Canton Sarajevo, during sanitary surveillance prescribed by applicable legal standards. S. aureus isolates were identified according to conventional microbiological methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar disk diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2013 standard. Results: Among the 11.138 subjects, 792 (7.1%) were carriers of S. aureus. Isolated strains were tested on eight different antibiotics, and the resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin was 788 (99.5%), 776 (97.9%), and 752 (94.9%), retrospectively. In total, 86.36% of isolated strains were multidrug-resistant. Conclusions: The low percentage of S. aureus carriers indicates that preventive measures of carrier control are being actively implemented within the legally prescribed measures. The emergence of numerous isolated strains with multidrug-resistance characteristics is a significant public health problem and consequently limits the range of antibiotics available for therapeutic purposes. The results of this research indicate that AMR has increased in Sarajevo Canton and it is following the trend of global growth.

Physicians' Perceptions, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge Concerning Antimicrobial Resistance in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1411-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Morales Guerra ◽  
Carlos Alberto Pires Pereira ◽  
Armando R. Neves Neto ◽  
Denise Mary Cardo ◽  
Luci Correa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge

This cross-sectional survey assessed physicians' perceptions, knowledge and practices concerning antimicrobial resistance. Ninety-nine percent of participants reported that they perceived antimicrobial resistance as an important problem, and 86.7% agreed that antimicrobials are overprescribed, but only 2.9% rated “practicing antimicrobial control” as the most important strategy for preventing resistance. The results of this study warrant educational programs on antimicrobial resistance and the distribution of information regarding local antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

scholarly journals Addressing the Antimicrobial Resistance of Ruminant Mycoplasmas Using a Clinical Surveillance Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryne Jaÿ ◽  
François Poumarat ◽  
Adélie Colin ◽  
Agnès Tricot ◽  
Florence Tardy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Clinical Breakpoints

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance of mycoplasmas of veterinary importance has been held back for years due to lack of harmonized methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and interpretative criteria, resulting in a crucial shortage of data. To address AMR in ruminant mycoplasmas, we mobilized a long-established clinical surveillance network called “Vigimyc.” Here we describe our surveillance strategy and detail the results obtained during a 2-year monitoring period. We also assess how far our system complies with current guidelines on AMR surveillance and how it could serve to build epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), as a first attainable criterion to help harmonize monitoring efforts and move forward to clinical breakpoints. Clinical surveillance through Vigimyc enables continuous collection, identification and preservation of Mycoplasma spp. isolates along with metadata. The most frequent pathogens, i.e., M. bovis and species belonging to M. mycoides group, show stable clinicoepidemiological trends and were included for annual AST. In the absence of interpretative criteria for ruminant mycoplasmas, we compared yearly minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results against reference datasets. We also ran a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis on the overall service provided by our AMR surveillance strategy. Results of the 2018–2019 surveillance campaign were consistent with the reference datasets, with M. bovis isolates showing high MIC values for all antimicrobial classes except fluoroquinolones, and species of the Mycoides group showing predominantly low MIC values. A few new AMR patterns were detected, such as M. bovis with lower spectinomycin MICs. Our reference dataset partially complied with European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) requirements, and we were able to propose tentative epidemiological cut-off values (TECOFFs) for M. bovis with tilmicosin and spectinomycin and for M. mycoides group with tilmicosin and lincomycin. These TECOFFs were consistent with other published data and the clinical breakpoints of Pasteurellaceae, which are often used as surrogates for mycoplasmas. SWOT analysis highlighted the benefit of pairing clinical and antimicrobial resistance surveillance despite the AST method-related gaps that remain. The international community should now direct efforts toward AST method harmonization and clinical interpretation.

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