scholarly journals Persistence of rubella and mumps antibodies, following changes in the recommended age for the second dose of MMR vaccine in Portugal

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (15) ◽  
pp. 3139-3147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. GONÇALVES ◽  
J. FRADE ◽  
M. S. J. NASCIMENTO ◽  
J. R. MESQUITA ◽  
C. NUNES
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Mumps Antibodies ◽  
Very High

SUMMARYIn Portugal, the recommended age for the second dose of MMR (MMR2) was changed from 10–13 years to 5–6 years for those born in 1994 and afterwards. This study aimed to assess if MMR schedule and time elapsed from the last dose are associated with the concentration of rubella and mumps IgG antibodies. Three Portuguese birth cohorts (convenience samples) were selected for this study (66, 59 and 41 participants born respectively in 1990–1993, 1994–1995 and 2001–2003). Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) for mumps IgG were respectively 36, 30 and 38 RU/ml (P = 0·236) and for rubella IgG were 18, 20 and 17 IU/ml (P = 0·641). For both specific antibodies, no differences were observed with time since MMR2. Receiving MMR2 at 5–6 or 10–13 years was not associated with concentration of both antibodies. The GMC of rubella IgG was lower in males (P = 0·029). Taking into account previous evidence and the logistics needed to change vaccination schedules, it seems reasonable that sustaining very high coverage with two doses of MMR is currently the most pragmatic way to control mumps and rubella rather than any changes to the schedule.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mumps antibodies in the Israeli population in relation to mumps vaccination policy and incidence of disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kh. MUHSEN ◽  
Y. ABOUDY ◽  
E. MENDELSON ◽  
M. S. GREEN ◽  
D. COHEN
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
School Students ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Israeli Population ◽  
Mumps Antibodies

SUMMARYWe examined the prevalence of mumps antibodies in the Israeli population in relation to mumps vaccination policy and past and subsequent incidence of disease. The levels of specific IgG antibodies against mumps were tested in 3330 residual sera collected during 1997–1998 from an age-stratified population sample. Against the background of a consistent MMR vaccination coverage of >90%, the age- and sex-adjusted seropositivity to mumps was 77·0%. No significant differences between genders were found. Seropositivity in the 10–13 years age group, born just before the introduction of the MMR vaccine, was the lowest (59%). These birth cohorts were the target of an outbreak of mumps in 2005 that occurred among high-school students and military recruits. A trend of waning immunity was observed between the first and second vaccine doses. The seroepidemiological data demonstrate that immunity levels below the herd immunity threshold, along with social mixing and crowded conditions facilitated the occurrence of mumps outbreaks. Periodical serosurveys are an essential component in the evaluation of the vaccination policy against mumps.

Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996–2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations?

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN ◽  
I. DAVIDKIN ◽  
G. KAFATOS ◽  
N. ANDREWS ◽  
C. BARBARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYMumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5–12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01–0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4–8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01–0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4–8 years between doses.

scholarly journals Measles and Rubella Serosusceptibity Among Population Vaccinated with Different Schedule of Vaccination: The Potential Impact on Measles Elimination in Iran.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Maryam Khalifeloo ◽  
Mohammed-Jafar Saffar ◽  
Ali-Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iranian Children

Abstract Background: In addition to schedule 2-doses monovalent measles vaccine (mMV) immunization of Iranian children since 1984, a nationwide campaign of measles-rubella (MR) immunization among 5- 25 years-old population in December 2003 was conducted. From 2004 mMV was replaced with measles- mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Despite a high vaccination coverage, outbreaks of measles occurred in the country. Study was designed to investigate seroimmunity against measles and rubella among various age groups of population who were vaccinated with different schedule since 1984. Also, immunologic response to revaccination in seronegative subjects was evaluated. Methods: From 1 November 2017 to 30 June 2018 a cross- sectional study among 7- 33 year old healthy population with documented history of measles vaccination was conducted. Based on their age and history of vaccination categorized as GA: 20-23 years old; vaccinated with 1-2 dose of mMV, and also MR revaccinated. GB: 15-19 years, vaccinated only with 2- doses of mMV at the ages of 9 and 15 months. GC: 12-14 years and GD: 7-11 years; vaccinated with 2- dose of MMR vaccine at the ages 15 months - 6 years, and 12-18 month respectively. Collected sera were assessed to measure antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies concentration. Four to 6 weeks after revaccination of seronegative subjects, antimeasles-antirubella IgM and IgG antibodies were rechecked. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results: Totally 635 individuals, 312 female were included. Relative distribution of subjects in each group was as: GA: 98, GB: 295, GC: 139, and GD: 103 persons. Overall, 12.28% and 18.4% of population were soronegative, and varied greatly between groups: 2%-0/0%, 15.2%- 25.0%, 11.5%- 17.2%; and 14.6%-18.4% to measles and rubella, respectively. After revaccination, 92% and 94.9% showed 1gG response to measles and rubella vaccine respectively.Conclusion: Despite high coverage rate with measles containing vaccine, a significant numbers of vaccinated subjects lost their seroprotection, possibly because of secondary vaccine failure. This may affect measles-rubella elimination goal in the country. If these data were confirmed by further studies, more strengthen regional/ national supplementary immunization activity should be considered.

scholarly journals Measles and Rubella Serosusceptibity among Population Vaccinated with Different Schedule of Vaccination: the potential impact on measles elimination in Iran.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Maryam Khalifeloo ◽  
mohammed-Jafar Saffar ◽  
Ali-Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iranian Children

Abstract Background: In addition to scheduled 2-doses monovalent measles vaccine (mMV) immunization of Iranian children since 1984, a nationwide campaign of measles-rubella (MR) immunization among 5- 25 years-old population in December 2003 was conducted. From 2004 mMV was replaced with measles- mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Despite a high vaccination coverage, outbreaks of measles occurred in the country. Study was designed to investigate seroimmunity status against measles and rubella among various age groups of population who were vaccinated with different schedule since 1984. Also, immunologic response to revaccination in seronegative subjects was evaluated. Methods: From 1 November 2017 to 30 June 2018 a cross- sectional study among 7- 33 year old (born 1984-2011) healthy population with documented history of measles vaccination was conducted. Based on their age and history of vaccination status categorized as GA: 20-2333 years old; vaccinated with 1-2 dose of mMV, and also MR revaccinated. GB: 15-19 years, vaccinated only with 2- doses of mMV at the ages of 9 and 15 months and MMR 2-5 years later. GC: 12-14 years and GD: 7-11 years; vaccinated with 2- dose of MMR vaccine at the ages 15 months - 6 years, and 12-18 months respectively. Collected sera were assessed to measure antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies concentration. Four to 6 weeks after revaccination of seronegative subjects, antimeasles-antirubella IgM and IgG antibodies were rechecked. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results: Totally 635 individuals, 312 female were included. Relative distribution of subjects in each group was as: GA: 98, GB: 295, GC: 139, and GD: 103 persons. Overall, 12.28% and 18.4% of population were soronegative, and varied greatly between groups: 2%-0/0%, 15.2%- 25.0%, 11.5%- 17.2%; and 14.6%-18.4%, to measles and rubella, respectively. After revaccination, 92% and 94.9% showed 1gG response to measles and rubella vaccine respectively.Conclusion: Despite high coverage rate with measles and rubella containing vaccine, a significant numbers of vaccinated subjects lost their seroprotection were seronegative, possibly because of secondary vaccine failure. This may affect measles-rubella elimination goal in the country. If these data were confirmed by further studies, more strengthen regional/ national supplementary immunization activity should be considered.

scholarly journals Vaccination With Moderate Coverage Eradicates Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses If a Gender-Neutral Strategy Is Applied

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (6) ◽  
pp. 948-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simopekka Vänskä ◽  
Tapio Luostarinen ◽  
Iacopo Baussano ◽  
Dan Apter ◽  
Tiina Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Herd Effect ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Very High ◽  
Protective Effectiveness

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls with very high (&gt;90%) coverage has the potential to eradicate oncogenic HPVs, but such high coverage is hard to achieve. However, the herd effect (HE) depends both on the HPV type and the vaccination strategy. Methods We randomized 33 Finnish communities into gender-neutral HPV16/18 vaccination, girls-only HPV16/18 vaccination, and hepatitis B virus vaccination arms. In 2007–2010, 11 662 of 20 513 of 40 852 of 39 420 resident boys/girls from 1992 to 1995 birth cohorts consented. In 2010–2014, cervicovaginal samples from vaccinated and unvaccinated girls at age 18.5 years were typed for HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68. Vaccine efficacy for vaccinated girls, HE for unvaccinated girls, and the protective effectiveness (PE) for all girls were estimated. We extended the community-randomized trial results about vaccination strategy with mathematical modeling to assess HPV eradication. Results The HE and PE estimates in the 1995 birth cohort for HPV18/31/33 were significant in the gender-neutral arm and 150% and 40% stronger than in the girls-only arm. Concordantly, HPV18/31/33 eradication was already predicted in adolescents/young adults in 20 years with 75% coverage of gender-neutral vaccination. With the 75% coverage, eventual HPV16 eradication was also predicted, but only with the gender-neutral strategy. Conclusions Gender-neutral vaccination is superior for eradication of oncogenic HPVs.

COVID-19 and neurology perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Shivani Singh ◽  
Ashok Kumar Ahirwar ◽  
Priyanka Asia ◽  
Niranjan Gopal ◽  
Kirti Kaim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
Short Span ◽  
Very High

Abstract COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV2 (The novel corona virus) has already taken lives of many people across the globe even more than anyone could have imagined. This outbreak occurred in China and since then it is expanding its devastating effects by leaps and bounds. Initially it appeared to be an outbreak of pneumonia but soon it was found to be much more than that and the infectivity was found to be very high. This is the reason that it has taken whole globe in its trap and become a pandemic in such a short span of time. Death is occurring because it is a new virus and human body has no specific antibodies for it. Presently there is no approved vaccine so everyone is susceptible but people with co-morbidities appear to be in more risk and the best way for protection is social distancing and increasing one’s natural immunity by taking healthy diet and exercise. When a person is infected the clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to severe ARDS, sudden onset of anosmia, headache, cough may be the initial symptoms. This review is focused on immunopathology and effect of COVID-19 on neurological disorders and also the neurological manifestations and the treatment.

Cost Effective Swath Bathymetry

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hogarth
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Swath Bathymetry ◽  
World Survey ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Very High ◽  
Harbor Area ◽  
Wide Swath

Between 23rd and 25th July 2001 GeoSwath, a high specification shallow water wide swath bathymetry system, was used to survey the entire Portsmouth NH Harbor area. This paper deals with the results of this survey, illustrating the potential for significant reductions in the high costs, which have prevented widespread proliferation of Swath Bathymetry systems to date. Data, including a complete DTM gridded to 1 m resolution, will be presented and discussed in detail. These results show that the system is very easy to set up and use, requires greatly reduced boat and processing time, whilst offering high accuracy and very high coverage and resolution when used in a real-world survey of a dynamic harbor environment.

scholarly journals Broadly Neutralizing Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies Induce Potent Phagocytosis of Immune Complexes by Neutrophils in an Fc-Dependent Manner

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Mullarkey ◽  
Mark J. Bailey ◽  
Diana A. Golubeva ◽  
Gene S. Tan ◽  
Raffael Nachbagauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Optimal Protection ◽  
Specific Igg Antibodies

ABSTRACTBroadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stalk have emerged as exciting new biotherapeutic tools to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. Our general understanding of the mechanisms by which stalk-specific antibodies achieve protection is rapidly evolving. It has recently been demonstrated that broadly neutralizing HA stalk-specific IgG antibodies require Fc-Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions for optimal protectionin vivo. Here we examine the neutrophil effector functions induced by stalk-specific antibodies. As the most abundant subset of blood leukocytes, neutrophils represent a critical innate effector cell population and serve an instrumental role in orchestrating downstream adaptive responses to influenza virus infection. Yet, the interplay of HA stalk-specific IgG, Fc-FcγR engagement, and neutrophils has remained largely uncharacterized. Using anin vitroassay to detect the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we show that human and mouse monoclonal HA stalk-specific IgG antibodies are able to induce the production of ROS by neutrophils, while HA head-specific antibodies do not. Furthermore, our results indicate that the production of ROS is dependent on Fc receptor (FcR) engagement and phagocytosis. We went on to assess the ability of monoclonal HA stalk-specific IgA antibodies to induce ROS. Consistent with our findings for monoclonal IgGs, only HA stalk-specific IgA antibodies elicited ROS production by neutrophils. This induction is dependent on the engagement of FcαR1. Taken together, our findings describe a novel FcR-dependent effector function induced by HA stalk-specific IgG and IgA antibodies, and importantly, our studies shed light on the mechanisms by which HA stalk-specific antibodies achieve protection.IMPORTANCEThe present study provides evidence that broadly neutralizing HA stalk-specific antibodies induce downstream Fc-mediated neutrophil effector functions. In addition to their ability to neutralize, this class of antibodies has been shown to rely on Fc-Fc receptor interactions for optimal protectionin vivo. Curiously, neutralizing antibodies that bind the HA head domain do not require such interactions. Our findings build on these previous observations and provide a more complete picture of the relationship between stalk-specific antibodies and cells of the innate immune compartment. Furthermore, our data suggest that the ability of HA stalk-specific antibodies to mediate Fc-Fc receptor engagement is epitope dependent. Overall, this work will inform the rational design of improved influenza virus vaccines and therapeutics.

scholarly journals State of vaccine confidence in the European Union in 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Larson ◽  
A de Figueiredo ◽  
E Karafllakis ◽  
M Rawal
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Vaccine Confidence

Abstract Background High confidence in vaccination programmes is crucial for maintaining high coverage rates. Across the European Union (EU), however, vaccine delays and refusals are contributing to declining immunisation rates in a number of countries and are leading to increases in disease outbreaks. Methods We assessed the overall state of confidence in vaccines among the public in all 28 EU member states and among general practitioners (GP) in ten EU member states, conducting the largest ever study on attitudes to vaccines and vaccination in the EU, eliciting the views of approximately 28,000 respondents across the 28 EU member states. Results We found that a number of member states (including France, Greece, Italy, and Slovenia) have become more confident in the safety of vaccines since 2015, but that the Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, and Sweden have become less confident. While GPs generally hold higher levels of vaccine confidence than the public, the survey found that 36% of GPs surveyed in Czech Republic and 25% in Slovakia do not agree that the MMR vaccine is safe and 29% and 19% respectively do not believe it is important. Countries whose GPs hold higher confidence in vaccines tend to have a larger proportion of the public expressing positive vaccination beliefs. Conclusions Even countries with well-established vaccination programmes and high levels of confidence are not immune to rising vaccine hesitancy. There is a need for continuous monitoring, preparedness and response plans to maintain and increase confidence in the importance, effectiveness and safety of vaccines, among both the public and health professionals.

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