scholarly journals Variation in English auxiliary realization: A new take on contraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Auxiliary Contraction ◽  
Stage Analysis

AbstractEnglish auxiliary contraction has received much attention in the linguistic literature, but our knowledge of this variable has remained limited due to the absence of a thorough corpus study. This paper examines contraction of six auxiliaries in two corpora, considering three distinct phonological shapes in which they occur and the implications for an analysis of the grammatical processes that underlie the surface alternation in form. I argue that the data best support a two-stage analysis of contraction, one under which variation in the morphology is followed by phonetic and phonological processes. Moreover, I show that this particular analysis explains a number of patterns in the data that would otherwise be accidental. In this way, I underscore the importance of approaching the study of variable phenomena with both quantitative data and formal analysis.

scholarly journals Quantitative data as a clue to auxiliary contraction processes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Auxiliary Contraction

This paper is a quantitative corpus study of the variable contraction of English auxiliaries (e.g. John has ~ John’s been there all day). I examine auxiliaries after non-pronoun subjects, and find the following. First, auxiliaries often surface in an “intermediate” form, one which loses its initial consonant, but retains a reduced vowel (e.g. [?z] for has). After proposing an analysis of these forms, I examine the effect of subject weight on contraction, finding that contraction occurs less often after longer subjects. Finally, I discuss the implications of these findings for where contraction must be situated in the grammar.

Pharmacokinetics of Propofol after a Single Dose in Children Aged 1–3 Years with Minor Burns

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Murat ◽  
V. Billard ◽  
J. Vernois ◽  
M. Zaouter ◽  
P. Marsol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Systemic Clearance ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Noncompartmental Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Analysis

Background No complete pharmacokinetic profile of propofol is yet available in children younger than 3 yr, whereas clinical studies have demonstrated that both induction and maintenance doses of propofol are increased with respect to body weight in this age group compared to older children and adults. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetics of propofol after administration of a single dose in aged children 1-3 yr requiring anesthesia for dressing change. Methods This study was performed in 12 children admitted to the burn unit and in whom burn surface area was less than or equal to 12% of total body surface area. Exclusion criteria were: unstable hemodynamic condition, inappropriate fluid loading, associated pulmonary injury, or burn injury older than 2 days. Propofol (4 mg.kg(-1))plus fentanyl (2.5 microg.kg(-1)) was administered while the children were bathed and the burn area cleaned during which the children breathed spontaneously a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (50:50). Venous blood samples of 300 microl were obtained at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, and 3, 4, 8, and 12 thereafter injection; an earlier sample was obtained from 8 of 12 children. The blood concentration curves obtained for individual children were analyzed by three different methods: noncompartmental analysis, mixed effects population model, and standard two-stage analysis. Results Using noncompartmental analysis, total clearance of propofol (+/-SD) was 0.053+/-0.013l.kg(-1).min(-1), volume of distribution at steady state9.5 +/- 3.7l.kg(-1),and residence time 188 +/- 85 min. Propofol pharmacokinetics were best described by a weight-proportional three-compartmental model in both population and two-stage analysis. Estimated and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were similar using these two pharmacokinetic approaches. Results of population versus two-stage analysis are as follow: systemic clearance 0.049 versus 0.048 l.kg(-).min(-1), volume of central compartment 1.03 versus 0.95 l.kg(-1), volume of steady state 8.09 versus 8.17 l.kg(-1). Conclusions The volume of the central compartment and the systemic clearance were both greater than all values reported in older children and adults. This is consistent with the increased propofol requirements for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia in children 1-3 yr. (Key words: Anesthesia: pediatric. Pharmacokinetics: propofol.)

scholarly journals Two-stage analysis strategy for identifying the IgM quantitative trait locus

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Qing Lu ◽  
Monica Torres-Caban ◽  
Robert C Elston
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Locus ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Stage Analysis

scholarly journals Clustering and stranding in Dutch

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1071
Author(s):  
Frank Van Eynde
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Theoretical Part ◽  
The Common

Abstract This paper has both a descriptive and a theoretical aim. The descriptive one is to demonstrate that the phenomenon of clustering is not limited to verbs, but that it also affects adpositions. The theoretical one is to develop a formal analysis that captures the common properties of verb clustering and adposition clustering. For that purpose we employ the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Both the descriptive and the theoretical part are backed up with quantitative data about the use of adposition clusters in a sample consisting of one million words of spoken Dutch and one million words of written Dutch.

scholarly journals Better together? Regression analysis of complex survey data after ex-post harmonization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Carolina Haensch ◽  
Bernd Weiß
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Complex Sampling ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Study Heterogeneity ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Stage Analysis

An increasing number of researchers pool, harmonize, and analyze survey data from different survey providers for their research questions. They aim to study heterogeneity between groups over a long period or examine smaller subgroups; research questions that can be impossible to answer with a single survey. This combination or pooling of data is known as individual person data (IPD) meta-analysis in medicine and psychology; in sociology, it is understood as part of ex-post survey harmonization (Granda et al 2010).However, in medicine or psychology, most original studies focus on treatment or intervention effect and apply experimental research designs to come to causal conclusions. In contrast, many sociological or economic studies are nonexperimental. In comparison to experimental data, survey-based data is subject to complex sampling and nonresponse. Ignoring the complex sampling design can lead to biased population inferences not only in population means and shares but also in regression coefficients, widely used in the social sciences (DuMouchel and Duncan 1983 and Solon et al. 2013). To account for complex sampling schemes or non-ignorable unit nonresponse, survey-based data often comes with survey weights. But how to use survey weights after pooling different surveys?We will build upon the work done by DuMouchel and Duncan (1983) and Solon et al. (2013) for survey-weighted regression analysis with a single data set. Through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we will show that endogenous sampling and heterogeneity of effects models require survey weighting to receive approximately unbiased estimates after ex-post survey harmonization. Second, we focus on a list of methodological questions: Do survey-weighted one-stage and two-stage (meta-)analytical approaches perform differently? Is it possible to include random effects, especially if we have to assume study heterogeneity? Another challenging methodological question is the inclusion of random effects in a one-stage analysis.Our simulations show that two-stage analysis will be biased if the weights' variation is high, whereas one-stage analysis remains unbiased. We also show that the inclusion of random effects in a one-stage analysis is challenging but doable, i.e., weights must be transformed in most cases. Apart from the MC simulations, we also show the difference between two-stage and one-stage approaches with real-world data from same-sex couples in Germany.

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