scholarly journals Quantitative data as a clue to auxiliary contraction processes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Auxiliary Contraction

This paper is a quantitative corpus study of the variable contraction of English auxiliaries (e.g. John has ~ John’s been there all day). I examine auxiliaries after non-pronoun subjects, and find the following. First, auxiliaries often surface in an “intermediate” form, one which loses its initial consonant, but retains a reduced vowel (e.g. [?z] for has). After proposing an analysis of these forms, I examine the effect of subject weight on contraction, finding that contraction occurs less often after longer subjects. Finally, I discuss the implications of these findings for where contraction must be situated in the grammar.

scholarly journals Variation in English auxiliary realization: A new take on contraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Auxiliary Contraction ◽  
Stage Analysis

AbstractEnglish auxiliary contraction has received much attention in the linguistic literature, but our knowledge of this variable has remained limited due to the absence of a thorough corpus study. This paper examines contraction of six auxiliaries in two corpora, considering three distinct phonological shapes in which they occur and the implications for an analysis of the grammatical processes that underlie the surface alternation in form. I argue that the data best support a two-stage analysis of contraction, one under which variation in the morphology is followed by phonetic and phonological processes. Moreover, I show that this particular analysis explains a number of patterns in the data that would otherwise be accidental. In this way, I underscore the importance of approaching the study of variable phenomena with both quantitative data and formal analysis.

scholarly journals Temporal ‘Since’ in Slovak: Conjunction(s) and Aspect Choice – A Corpus Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-215
Author(s):  
Paula Kyselica ◽  
René M. Genis
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Extensive Data ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract It has recently been shown by especially [1] through [4] and [12] for Russian and by [8] and [9] for Polish that conjunctions corresponding to Dutch sinds (cf. also [1], [2], [3]) and English since (cf. also [7], [10]) have temporal functions, which are subject to restrictions on the choice of tense and aspect. Ultimately these restrictions can be related to the semantic input of tense and aspect into complex sentences with these connective items. For Polish extensive data provided by corpus research enabled us to shed light on the usage and restrictions in this area and also to establish which constellations with particular conjunctions are more or less likely or not possible (cf. [8], [9]). In the present contribution we present freshly sourced quantitative Slovak SNK-corpus data. We consider the sixteen logically possible tense-aspect constellations, and the Slovak connective items: odkedy; odvtedy, čo / ako; od chvíle, keď / čo / ako; od tých čias, čo / ako; od tej doby, čo / ako. This quantitative data study is intended to pinpoint the areas of future research; for this purpose at certain instances comparisons are made with Polish, the only other language we have such data for to date.

scholarly journals The map of ti in Kituba - testing and expanding the typological model of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-132
Author(s):  
Alexander Andrason
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Dynamic Semantic ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Semantic Maps ◽  
Initial Stage

The present article analyzes the polysemy of the element ti in Kituba from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, by applying the framework of dynamic semantic maps and waves. The qualitative and quantitative corpus study, enhanced by evidence provided by Kituba native speakers, demonstrates the following: although ti spans most parts of the typological map of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators, its center of prototypicality is located in the initial stage (comitative) and two intermediate stages (possessive and certain types of coordinate-hood) available along the grammaticalization pathway underlying the map. This suggests a semi-advanced grammaticalization profile for ti. The study also proposes certain changes in the typological map of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators, postulating new components of the map (or grammaticalization stages), and alternative linking directions. Additionally, a possible manner of introducing quantitative data (related to prototypicality) to the qualitative map of polysemy is presented. The resulting model is argued to exhibit properties typical of complexity: structural intricacy, gradience, fuzziness, and multi-causality.

Metallurgical Effects of Grain Boundary Ledges

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Thermo Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Ledge Density

Ledges in grain boundaries can be identified by their characteristic contrast features (straight, black-white lines) distinct from those of lattice dislocations, for example1,2 [see Fig. 1(a) and (b)]. Simple contrast rules as pointed out by Murr and Venkatesh2, can be established so that ledges may be recognized with come confidence, and the number of ledges per unit length of grain boundary (referred to as the ledge density, m) measured by direct observations in the transmission electron microscope. Such measurements can then give rise to quantitative data which can be used to provide evidence for the influence of ledges on the physical and mechanical properties of materials.It has been shown that ledge density can be systematically altered in some metals by thermo-mechanical treatment3,4.

Morphometric analysis of cellular interactions with the endothelium during the development of arterial lesions using Scanning Electron Microscopy and digital image analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 918-919
Author(s):  
M.E. Rosenfeld ◽  
C. Karboski ◽  
M.F. Prescott ◽  
P. Goodwin ◽  
R. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Arterial Lesions ◽  
Scanning Electron

Previous research documenting the chronology of the cellular interactions that occur on or below the surface of the endothelium during the initiation and progression of arterial lesions, primarily consisted of descriptive studies. The recent development of lower cost image analysis hardware and software has facilitated the collection of high resolution quantitative data from microscopic images. In this report we present preliminary quantitative data on the sequence of cellular interactions that occur on the endothelium during the initiation of atherosclerosis or vasculitis utilizing digital analysis of images obtained directly from the scanning electron microscope. Segments of both atherosclerotic and normal arteries were obtained from either diet-induced or endogenously (WHHL) hypercholesterolemic rabbits following 1-4 months duration of hypercholesterolemia and age matched control rabbits. Vasculitis was induced in rats following placement of an endotoxin soaked thread adjacent to the adventitial surface of arteries.

Immunocytochemical Identification of Tubulin Containing Paracrystals in Allogromia Reticulopods

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Gerald Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Ultrastructural Analysis ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Intermediate Form

The marine protozoan Allogromia sp, strain NF Lee extends an elaborate reticulopodial network (RN) which contains an elongate microtubule-(MT)-based cytoskeleton. The MTs are located primarily within cytoplasmic fibrils which are visible by light microscopy (LM) in highly flattened or “two dimensionalized” reticulopodia. It was shown previously that allogromiid RNs withdraw in response to hypertonic Mg2+-seawater. An ultrastructural analysis of this phenomenon indicated that large patches of paracrystalline (PC) material, composed of helical filament aggregates, form concomitant with a decrease in MT number. Similar large patches of PC aggregates are also found in juvenile Allogromia before they extend a RN, which disappear during RN formation. Finally, PC aggregates are occasionally seen near microtubules in normal untreated RNs. Thus there is circumstantial evidence to propose that PC aggregates in Allogromia represent an intermediate form of tubulin; however, more definitive biochemical or immunocytochemical data is not available.

Motility of leukemic lymphocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
Manoj Raje ◽  
Karvita B. Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Laser Doppler Velocimetry ◽  
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Cellular Space ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Solid Tissues ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Reduced Mobility

In Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia motility of lymphocytes is associated with dissemination of malignancy and establishment of metastatic foci. Normal and leukemic lymphocytes in circulation reach solid tissues where due to in adequate perfusion some cells get trapped among tissue spaces. Although normal lymphocytes reenter into circulation leukemic lymphocytes are thought to remain entrapped owing to reduced mobility and form secondary metastasis. Cell surface, transmembrane interactions, cytoskeleton and level of cell differentiation are implicated in lymphocyte mobility. An attempt has been made to correlate ultrastructural information with quantitative data obtained by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). TEM of normal & leukemic lymphocytes revealed heterogeneity in cell populations ranging from well differentiated (Fig. 1) to poorly differentiated cells (Fig. 2). Unlike other cells, surface extensions in differentiated lymphocytes appear to originate by extrusion of large vesicles in to extra cellular space (Fig. 3). This results in persistent unevenness on lymphocyte surface which occurs due to a phenomenon different from that producing surface extensions in other cells.

Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis of Some Trace Elements in the Human Articular Disc of the Mandible

1963 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Bergman ◽  
Rune Söremark
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Thermal Neutron Flux ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Articular Disc ◽  
Group Separation

SummaryBy means of neutron activation and gamma-ray spectrometry the concentrations in the human mandibular articular disc of the following elements have been determined: Na, Mn, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cd, W, and Au. The discs were obtained at necropsy from seven men and nine women, ranging in age from 56 to 71 years.The activation was carried out in a thermal neutron flux of about 1.7 XlO12 neutrons × cm−2 × sec.−1 for about 20 hours. A chemical group separationwas performed before the gamma-ray spectrometry. Quantitative data based on the dry weight of the cartilage samples were obtained by comparing the photo-peak area of the identified elements with those of appropriate standards.

Microcirculation of the fingers in Raynaud’s syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (01) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Garai ◽  
J. Varga ◽  
G. Szücs ◽  
Z. Galajda ◽  
C. András ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Semiquantitative Analysis ◽  
Perfusion Scintigraphy ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Raynaud’S Syndrome ◽  
Raynaud's Syndrome ◽  
Primary Form

Summary Aim: We investigated the circulatory characteristics of patients suffering of primary and secondary Raynaud’s syndrome. Patients, methods: We examined 106 patients presenting with the classical symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrom (47 primary, 59 secondary) by hand perfusion scintigraphy developed by our Department of Nuclear Medicine. After visual evaluation we analyzed the images semiquantitatively, using the finger to palm ratio. We statistically compared the patients with primary and those with secondary Raynaud’s syndrome. Results: By visual evaluation we constated regional perfusion disturbances in 42 from 59 patients with secondary Raynaud’s syndrome. However, this was observed in only 3 from 47 patients with the primary form of this disease. This difference was statistically significant (p <0.001). Semiquantitative analysis showed that the finger/palm ratios (FPR) were significantly lower (p <0.05) for the patients with primary Raynaud’s syndrome. No differences in the FPR values concerning sex or right and left side. Conclusion: The hand perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-DTPA is a noninvasive, cost effective diagnostic tool, which objectively reflects the global and regional microcirculatory abnormalities of the hands, and provides quantitative data for follow-up.

IMPLEMENTASI JOB ORDER COSTING METHOD DALAM PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI MAP

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Ika Yulianti ◽  
Endah Masrunik ◽  
Anam Miftakhul Huda ◽  
Diana Elvianita
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Method Calculation ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to find a comparison of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured in the CV. Mitra Setia Blitar uses the company's method and uses the Job Order Costing (JOC) method. The method used in this study is quantitative. The types of data used are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is in the form of map production cost data while qualitative data is in the form of information about map production process. The result of calculating the cost of production of the map between the two methods results in a difference of Rp. 306. Calculation using the company method is more expensive than using the Job Order Costing method. Calculation of cost of goods manufactured using the company method is Rp. 2,205,000, - or Rp. 2,205, - each unit. While using the Job Order Costing (JOC) method is Rp. 1,899,000, - or Rp 1,899, - each unit. So that the right method used in calculating the cost of production is the Job Order Costing (JOC) method

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