What mental retardation teaches us about typical development: The examples of sequences, rates, and cross-domain relations

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Hodapp ◽  
Jacob A. Burack
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe developmental approach toward mental retardation historically has examined whether retarded individuals behave as do nonretarded individuals. An alternative approach involves using data from handicapped populations as “experiments of nature” to provide information about typical developmental processes. Three examples of this use of mental retardation findings include examinations of sequences, rates, and cross-domain relations. Certain instances of universal sequences appear to have been replicated by findings from children with mental retardation, but in other cases mentally retarded children help illustrate the extremes to which certain individual styles of development can be taken. Changing rates of development in different types of retarded children sometimes appear due to changes in the developmental tasks facing the child, sometimes to changes in neurobiologic factors related to chronological age. Cross-domain findings from children of diverse etiologies suggest the necessity of certain, specific connections among seemingly disparate behaviors in development. The article concludes with a discussion of mental retardation research as an experiment of nature that serves to replicate and amplify existing findings as well as to spur new extensions of developmental theory.

scholarly journals KOMUNIKASI ANTAR PRIBADI ORANG TUA DENGAN ANAK KETERBELAKANGAN MENTAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syisva Nurwita
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Know How ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research is entitled Interpersonal Communication of Parents with Children who Have Mental Retardation. In this research, the researcher wants to know how communication is used by parents with mental retardation. The aim of this research is to describe the interpersonal communication that is used in communicating with mentally retarded children. This research is a descriptive qualitative study using data collection technique that uses the technique of participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The result of this study shows that the interpersonal communication of parents with children who have mental retardation is interpersonal communication through verbal and non-verbal communication. The interpersonal communication is the most appropriate communication of parents of mentally retarded children because the interpersonal communication uses multiple stages, including contacts, involvement, and familiarity. The interpersonal communication is used for children with mental retardation can complete tasks the duties of the development of a normal child of his age.Keywords: Interpersonal Communication, Parents and Children, Mental Retardation

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR SISWA MENTAL RETARDATION DI SDN KEDUNGPUTRI 2 (Studi Kasus di SDN Kedungputri 2, Paron Kabupaten Ngawi)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Melik Budiarti Dan Candra Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Reading Teachers ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Using Data

This study entitled Analysis of Reading Difficulties in Mental Retardation Students In Primary School (Case Study In SDN Kedungputri 2). The background of this research is the emergence of learning problems in mentally retarded children attending regular elementary school (not designated as inclusive primary). This study aims to find out the learning process, especially learning to read mental retardation children in SDN Kedungputri 2, Paron, Ngawi and to find out the steps taken in overcoming the difficulties of reading children mental retardation in SDN Kedungputri 2, Paron, Ngawi. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data collected in this research are facts and information on the implementation of character education of discipline in elementary school. In this study the data source is teachers and students. Data collection techniques used in this study consist of (a) observation, (b) interview, and (c) test. In this study the validity of the data using data triangulation. Data analysis technique is done by using interactive data model analysis technique. Based on the data collected can be seen that students who experience mental retardation initials AS and the students have difficulty reading. Teachers continue to pay attention to the difficulties of learning to read the beginning to the AS.

Association between different types of plant-based diet and dyslipidemia in Korean adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nara Shin ◽  
Jihye Kim
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This study investigated the association between the different types of plant-based diets and dyslipidemia in Korean adults using data from the nationally representative sample. Using the 2012-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey data, a total of 14,167 adults (≥19 years old) participated in this study. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Three different plant-based diet indices (overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI)), were calculated. Dyslipidemia and its components (hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), use of anti-hyperlipidemia agent) were measured. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between plant-based diet and dyslipidemia and individual lipid disorders. Totally, 47% of overall population had dyslipidemia. Individual in the highest quintile of uPDI had 22% greater odds of dyslipidemia (95% CI: 1·05, 1·41) and 48 % higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (95% CI: 1·21, 1·81) and 16% higher odds of low HDL-C (OR: 1·16, 95% CI: 1·00, 1·35) than those in the lowest quintile of uPDI. PDI was associated with 16 % higher odds of low HDL-C and hPDI were associated with 25% lower odds of high LDL-C. However, Neither PDI nor hPDI was significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Greater adherence to unhealthful plant-based diets was associated with greater odds of the dyslipidemia and its components suggesting the importance of the quality of plant-based diet in South Korean adults for dyslipidemia prevention.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND ETIOLOGIC FINDINGS IN MENTAL RETARDATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-485
Author(s):  
Gerald D. LaVeck ◽  
Felix de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Diagnostic Aid ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Mental Subnormality ◽  
Etiologic Diagnosis

A series of 578 institutionalized mentally retarded patients was evaluated by a multi-discipline approach in order to establish a presumptive etiologic diagnosis. Abnormal electroencephalographic findings were found to be related to the age of the patient, the severity of retardation, and the presence of seizures or motor dysfunction. In this series 65.9% had abnormal tracings, and the most frequent abnormality was a focal change in 18.7%. However, focal abnormalities correlated with seizures and motor dysfunction so that no specific electroencephalographic aberration was characteristic of mental subnormality. Abnormal tracings were most frequent in nonseizure patients when subnormality was caused by intoxication, new growths, metabolic disorders, infectious processes, trauma, and encephalopathy of unknown cause in decreasing order of frequency. Abnormalities were seen in 36.4% of "cultural-familial" defectives and those whose intellectual defect was presumably due to psychologic factors. It is believed that electroencephalography is a valuable diagnostic aid in the evaluation of mentally retarded children.

Programming in Restrictive Housing: Considerations for Improving Outcome Evaluations

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel Butler ◽  
Starr Solomon ◽  
Ryan Spohn
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Inmate Misconduct ◽  
The Past ◽  
What Works ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Served ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Outcome Evaluations ◽  
Behavioral Programming

A number of studies have identified “what works” in regard to the successful implementation of correctional programming over the past several decades. Few studies, however, have examined the complexities associated with programming in restrictive housing. Using data from a Midwestern department of corrections, we examined whether the provision of programming in restrictive housing achieved desired outcomes (e.g., reductions in inmate misconduct). The findings revealed the amount of time served in restrictive housing and confinement in different types of restrictive housing may influence estimations of a treatment effect. As a growing number of states seek to reform the use of restrictive housing, the proper implementation of cognitive-behavioral programming may increase institutional security and safety.

The use of performance information in local government mergers

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Kenk ◽  
Toomas Haldma
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Eastern European Country ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study more deeply the use of performance information (PI) in the context of the administrative-territorial reform, e.g. amalgamation in the local governments (LG) with an example of Estonian LGs. Design/methodology/approach The case study method is adopted, using data from publicly available documents and interviews with the politicians and officials at the five merger cases of Estonian LG units. The data are interpreted and analysed using attribution theory. Findings The results show that amalgamation patterns do have an influence on PI use – in particular, the authors see that PI is reported to be used more frequently in cases of voluntary mergers, which may be related to the different motivations to make attributions in cases of voluntary and compulsory mergers. Originality/value The study contributes to the debate on the importance and usefulness of different types of PI, as financial as well as non-financial information and for different information users in the light of LG reform in Estonia as being a Central and Eastern European country.

Discourse markers and the PA/SN distinction

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT A. SCHWENTER
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Functional Equivalence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data

Many languages have two types of adversative sentence conjunctions (e.g. Spanish, German). These are normally referred to as PA and SN conjunctions. However, while PA conjunctions can be used as discourse markers (DMs) in dialogal discourse, SN conjunctions such as those found in Spanish and German cannot be used in dialogues. Thus the PA/SN distinction does not extend fully to the dialogal realm. Using data from another Spanish DM, I argue that the PA/SN distinction can be extended beyond the monologal realm of sentence conjunction to the realm of adversative discourse markers employed in dialogal discourse. The findings have implications for the question of functional equivalence across different types of discourse.

Residential Treatment of Disturbed Delinquents: Description of a Centre and Identification of Therapeutic Factors*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Harris ◽  
J.E. Cote ◽  
E.M. Vipond
Keyword(s):  
Residential Treatment ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Therapeutic Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Residential treatment for disturbed, particularly delinquent, adolescents has been described several decades ago by the founders and leaders of institutions. Theoretical considerations in treatment were prominent. The importance of structured milieu and the control of aggression came to acquire recognition. This study describes a structured centre, known to be effective in treating disturbed delinquents, using data gathered over twelve years of clinical work, observation and research. Factors considered essential in defining this institution are isolated and made compatible with the factors indicated by Rutter in his review of the residential treatment of delinquents. These factors are being used in a further study which compares the effectiveness of different types of facilities for a range of diagnostic categories.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Yudhie Suchyadi ◽  
Yulia Ambarsari ◽  
Elly Sukmanasa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
The Way

Differences in the characteritics of children with special needs will require the ability of teachers to combine various abilities and talents of each child, such as mentally retarded children who need communication like children in general. His developmental delays are often excluded from his playing enviranment, thus the need for good social interaction with mentally retarded children. Based on these problems, a study was conducted to describe the findings of social interaction in mentally retarded children in extraordinary school Mentari Kita. The research is a descriptive analysis with qualitative research approach. Technique of data analysis was performed with data reduction stage, the presentation of data, and verification (conclusions). Researchers used the test of credibility, transferabilitas, dependabilitas, and konfirmabilitas to obtain the validity of the data. The result showed that the way social interaction with mental retardation children how do social contacts and communication as being able to respond when invited to communicate but it should be repeated over and over,the subject has a weakness in the concentration of so when invited to talk hard staring at your opponents interlocutor. When did the subject communication using language that sounds stilted. Social contact subject well againts his peers is characterized by sensitivity to her friends when in distress, want to help his friend like get a pencil, and divide the food per day taken by subject. Based on the above research result it can be concluded that the way the social interactions of the child with mental retardation how do social contacts and communication in accordance with the terms of the occurrence of social interaction. Keywords: Social Interaction, Mental Retardation

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document