The End of Sharecropping in Central Italy after 1945: The Role of Mechanisation in the Changing Relationship between Peasant Families and Land

Rural History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
STUART OGLETHORPE
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Push Factor

Abstract:This article focuses on the mechanisation of agriculture in central Italy in the thirty years or so after 1945. This provides a particular way of examining the major changes in the rural landscape in this period, especially the end of the sharecropping system. Land in these regions had for centuries been predominantly farmed under sharecropping contracts, but for political, economic, and demographic reasons this system, which had inhibited modernisation, entered a rapid decline. Whereas labour supply had previously exceeded demand, the reverse became the case, allowing sharecropping families more freedom in how they operated. Mechanisation was not a ‘push’ factor, but as the agricultural labour force contracted it was a necessary response. The article uses individual testimony to illustrate how tenant farmers started to work outside the sharecropping contract, some becoming outside contractors with other farms and supplying tractor hire. The mechanisation of agriculture was slow and uneven, but marked an irreversible change in the relationship between farming families and their land.

scholarly journals Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110012
Author(s):  
Valeria Insarauto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.

Estimating Labour Supply in Policy-Oriented Regional Planning Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1781-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Regional Models ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
The Relationship

The importance of integrating policies concerned with the demand and supply of labour within growing regions has long been recognized. However, there are important theoretical deficiencies associated with orthodox methods. In the traditional approach to operational urban and regional models it is claimed that the relationship between labour demand and labour supply is functional and one sided, that is, the growth of labour demand causes population growth and leads to an assured level of labour supply. However it is argued that in the development of regional labour-force policies aimed at recognized objectives, estimates of the number and characteristics of persons available to the labour force are at least as important as estimates of the structure of labour demand. A change in the traditional theoretical framework is therefore necessary to allow for the influence of a particular population structure upon the supply of labour—in aggregate as well as to different occupational submarkets. Presentation of a more independent treatment of methods aimed at estimating the ‘availability’ (and the ‘requirements’) of labour also allows for the possibility, and consequences, of imbalance in the labour market to be recognized.

scholarly journals EDUCATION, EMPLOYABILITY AND LABOUR FORCE COMPETITIVENESS IN CROATIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Predrag Bejaković
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Structural Part ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
The Relationship

Employability and labour force competitiveness are important parts of an economy’s overall competitiveness. The key role of knowledge as a structural part of the competence in stimulating economic growth has been widely recognised by economists and other scientists. In modern societies, the acceptance and development of knowledge, skills and ideas have a crucial role in the creation of wealth. The key determinant of a knowledge-based economy is human capital, or more precisely its knowledge, competence and ability. In many modern employment strategies there has been great emphasis on worker employability. The general idea of employability is not new, although only in recent times efforts have been made to define it clearly as policy has shifted emphatically towards supply side issues. Employability can be defined as the extent to which employees have skills, which the market and employers regard as attractive and is of increasing importance for the economic sector. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the relationship between education, employability and labour force competitiveness in Croatia. Key words: competitiveness, Croatia, educational system, employability, knowledge-based society, labour force.

scholarly journals Dinamika Sosioekonomi Pada Ilmu Ekonomi Islam Klasik

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Rikmat Ismatullah
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Social Demographic ◽  
The Relationship

<p>M. Umer Chapra discusses various concepts that related to the Islamic economic system and compare with the conventional economic  system,  directions  and  challenges  facing  the  Islamic  economy in the future as well as, as the central theme of his book, he picked up the concept of  Ibn  Khaldun's economic  development.  Interestingly,  he  managed  to  formulate  the  concept  into  a  cycle  that  is  easy  to  understand.</p><p>He not only succeeded in formulating the concept of Ibn Khaldun into the cycle of increase progress and decrease cycles, but also he was able to further define the relationship between one component of development linkages with other components. Ibn  Khaldun  explains the important for  the development of Sharia  (S),  the development  community  (W),  law  enforcement  and  other  Development  (j &amp; g),  as well as the role of  Government (G).   Umer  Chapra  formulate  these  components  in  the  cycle,  the   cycle   advances  toward  him:  SNW-j &amp;  g-GS  and  other  cycle: j &amp; g-WNSG-j &amp; g. In this article, he discusses about some of the thinking of classical Islamic scholars who provide the base  foundation  in  the concept of Islamic  economics  in  particular  Ibn  Khaldun  in  his several works such as the Muqaddimah, which tried to  determine  factors  affecting  quality  by  analyzing  factors  such as the role  of interconnected moral factors, psychological, political, economic, social, demographic, and historical phenomena of the rise and fall of dynasties  and  civilizations.</p><p><strong>Key</strong><strong></strong><strong>words:</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Capra</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Systems</strong><strong>, Economics, Islam.</strong></p>

Equity & Trusts Law Directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Watt
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Court Of Appeal

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This book explains the key topics covered on equity and trusts courses. The content of the text is designed to emphasise the relationship between equity, trusts, property, contract and restitution to enable students to map out conceptual connections between related legal ideas. There is also a focus on modern cases in the commercial sphere to reflect the constantly changing and socially significant role of trusts and equity. The book starts by introducing equity and trusts. It then includes a chapter on understanding trusts, and moves on to consider capacity and formality requirements, certainty requirements and the constitution of trusts. Various types of trusts are then examined such as purpose, charitable, and variation trusts. The book then describes issues related to trusteeship. Breach of trust is explained, as is informal trusts of land. There is a chapter on tracing, and then the book concludes by looking at equitable liability of strangers to trust and equitable doctrines and remedies. This new edition includes coverage of significant recent cases, including the Supreme Court decision on interest to be paid by tax authorities on monies owed; the Supreme Court decision on the test of dishonesty applicable to civil matters; the Privy Council decision on the division of investment property acquired by cohabitants; the Court of Appeal decisions on Quistclose trusts; fiduciary duties in arms-length contracts; transactions prejudicing creditors; beneficiary anonymity in variation of trust cases; exemption clauses; discretion exercised beyond trustee’s authority; implications of GDPR for trustee disclosures; trustee personal liability; causation and equitable compensation; statutory relief for a professional trustee’s breach of trust; use of proprietary estoppel to reward work undertaken in farming families; costs of seeking court’s directions; injunctions ordered against persons unknown; equitable jurisdiction to rectify agreements.

scholarly journals Land inequality and numeracy in Spain during the seventeenth and eighteenth century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Pérez-Artés ◽  
Jörg Baten
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Land Inequality ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Relationship

We assess the relationship between land inequality and human capital at the end of the early modern period, focusing on individual-level evidence from Spain. Our main finding is that land inequality had already had a significant negative effect on the formation of human capital there in the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We argue that this reflects the important role of a social structure based on farming families (as opposed to latifundia and day laborers) in the development of numeracy. This is consistent with earlier studies, which argued that farming households could (1) maintain a relatively favourable nutritional standard as a precondition for cognitive skills, (2) limit child labour and (3) encourage numeracy due to its demand by farming activities. Our results are robust, as they include several control variables and potential confounding variables.

Women on boards of directors: the moderation role of female labour force participation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Hamdan ◽  
Allam Hamdan ◽  
Bahaaeddin Alareeni ◽  
Osama F. Atayah ◽  
Layla Faisal Alhalwachi
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Ownership Concentration ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Women On Boards ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study aims to investigate the moderation role of the percentage of women in the country labour force in the relationship between firm-level governance factors (board size, institutional ownership, ownership concentration, board independence, performance, firm size, firm’s risk and sector) and women on boards (WOBs) in publicly listed firms in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Design/methodology/approach The study relied on a sample of 436 publicly listed firms in 2018 in six GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates). Findings The study concluded that the percentage of women in the country’s labour force has a moderation role in the relationship between board size and WOB, as well as firm market performance and WOBs. However, ownership concentration, firm size, firm risk and firm sector do not affect the percentage of WOB; consequently, the percentage of women in the country’s labour force did not have a moderation role in the relationship between these variables and the percentage of WOBs. Originality/value The study incorporates an institutional level variable which is the percentage of women in the country’s labour force in a firm-level relationship mostly understood by agency theory.

scholarly journals Knowledge Sharing and Competitive Advantage in Public Universities: Mediating Role of Strategic Intent

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317
Author(s):  
Kashif Akram ◽  
Usman Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Strategic Intent ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

Public universities are the major source of higher education all over the world. Therefore, competitive public universities play a significant role in producing an effective labour force for society. The basic objective of the study is to examine the mediating role of strategic intent on the relationship between knowledge sharing and competitive advantage in the public higher education institutions (PHEIs) of Pakistan. Data were collected from the top management of the PHEIs of Pakistan by distributing the structured close-ended questionnaire. A total number of 192 questionnaires were received in a fully completed form that has been used for the final analysis. PLS-SEM was employed to examine measurement and structural model of the path model. The results reveal that KS is significantly and positively related to strategic intent and CA. Strategic intent also found to be significantly and positively related to CA. In addition, strategic intent mediates the relationship between KS and CA.

False self-employment: the role of occupations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Kösters ◽  
Wendy Smits
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
False Self ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Occupational Characteristics ◽  
Financial Dependency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Occupational Skill

PurposeThis paper analyses the relation between occupational characteristics and the probability that a worker in the Netherlands has a false self-employed arrangement instead of an employee arrangement. These are arrangements in which self-employed workers perform tasks in the hierarchy of the firm as if they were employees.Design/methodology/approachData from the Dutch Labour Force Survey is used to analyse the relationship between occupational skill, routine and wage level and the probability to be a false self-employed or a standard or non-standard employee.FindingsThe results show that the probability to be false self-employed decreases slightly with the skill level of the occupation, but there is no evidence that false self-employment is more likely in low paid, routine occupations. Workers in the lowest paid occupations are more likely to have a non-standard contract as an employee. False self-employment arrangements are more likely in the (lower) middle paid occupations. Finally, the results show that working in the highest paid occupations increases the probability of being in a false self-employed arrangement, but only in arrangements that are characterised by economic and organizational dependency. These are arrangements with financial dependency on one client for income combined with dependency on this client on when and where to work.Originality/valueThis study makes an important contribution to the literature on identifying vulnerable self-employed workers as well as to the literature on mechanisms behind the growth of solo self-employment.

The making of the fieldwork-er: debating agency in elites research

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Fumanti
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Young Researcher ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Generational Difference ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elite Formation

Based on the outcome of 20 months fieldwork on the process of elite formation and the making of public space in a northern Namibian town, this paper explores the challenges of doing research among elites. Elites, whether political, economic, administrative, religious or traditional, occupy a prominent position within a community, which sets them apart from the rest of the population. While elite status inevitably brings to its members prestige, recognition and privileges, at the same time it often attracts criticism and suspicion of the elites' modus operandi. For these reasons the elites tend to keep an aura of secrecy around their activities, thus limiting access to their social milieu by outsiders. Beyond secrecy, in Africa, where the relationship between the elites and their subalterns is often socially and culturally regulated through age practices, generational difference can become a considerable hindrance for a young researcher. Taking inspiration from the work of feminist anthropologists, I reflect on my own experience to highlight the problematic role of the researcher's agency in the context of elite studies. Much as in the case of gender, I argue that age and generation regulates and determines the access of fieldworkers to their chosen field sites. As a consequence, fieldworkers doing research among elites have to constantly negotiate and adjust their position in the field. I aim to stress that while on many occasions these negotiations respond to the fieldworker's conscious intended strategies, in other circumstances there is little room for individual choices, let alone conscious and planned manoeuvering.

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