Estimating Labour Supply in Policy-Oriented Regional Planning Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1781-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Regional Models ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
The Relationship

The importance of integrating policies concerned with the demand and supply of labour within growing regions has long been recognized. However, there are important theoretical deficiencies associated with orthodox methods. In the traditional approach to operational urban and regional models it is claimed that the relationship between labour demand and labour supply is functional and one sided, that is, the growth of labour demand causes population growth and leads to an assured level of labour supply. However it is argued that in the development of regional labour-force policies aimed at recognized objectives, estimates of the number and characteristics of persons available to the labour force are at least as important as estimates of the structure of labour demand. A change in the traditional theoretical framework is therefore necessary to allow for the influence of a particular population structure upon the supply of labour—in aggregate as well as to different occupational submarkets. Presentation of a more independent treatment of methods aimed at estimating the ‘availability’ (and the ‘requirements’) of labour also allows for the possibility, and consequences, of imbalance in the labour market to be recognized.

The End of Sharecropping in Central Italy after 1945: The Role of Mechanisation in the Changing Relationship between Peasant Families and Land

Rural History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
STUART OGLETHORPE
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Push Factor

Abstract:This article focuses on the mechanisation of agriculture in central Italy in the thirty years or so after 1945. This provides a particular way of examining the major changes in the rural landscape in this period, especially the end of the sharecropping system. Land in these regions had for centuries been predominantly farmed under sharecropping contracts, but for political, economic, and demographic reasons this system, which had inhibited modernisation, entered a rapid decline. Whereas labour supply had previously exceeded demand, the reverse became the case, allowing sharecropping families more freedom in how they operated. Mechanisation was not a ‘push’ factor, but as the agricultural labour force contracted it was a necessary response. The article uses individual testimony to illustrate how tenant farmers started to work outside the sharecropping contract, some becoming outside contractors with other farms and supplying tractor hire. The mechanisation of agriculture was slow and uneven, but marked an irreversible change in the relationship between farming families and their land.

Penalty Rates and Labour Supply: Employee Attitudes to Non-Standard Hours of Work

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dawkins ◽  
Campbell Rungie ◽  
Judith Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Employee Attitudes ◽  
Discussion Groups ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Rigid Structure ◽  
Hours Of Work

This paper considers the supply of labour to non-standard hours of work. If penalty rates for such hours of work were reduced, any potential employment creation due to increased labour demand would depend in part on the labour supply response. We consider the rationale for penalty rates, changes in the labour force and in the length of working hours, and evidence on employee attitudes (including in-depth discussion groups that we have organized). It is concluded that changes since the introduction of penalty rates and the heterogeneity of employee preferences make the rigid structure of penalty rates inappropriate. Appropriate patterns of working time and associated compensation vary substantially among industries and occupations.

A Projection for Labour Demand and Supply in Singapore to 1985

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Ker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Demand Equation

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to project the demand for labour in various sectors of the Singapore economy to 1985. The supply of labour will also be forecast and compared with labour demand. A labour demand equation will be specified and tested by the data of the period 1960-1974. Part I will discuss the specification of the model and data collection. Part II reports the regression results and Part III provides a projection based on average growth rate of variables in the labour demand equation. The final part compares the projected labour demand and labour supply for the period 1975-1985. Observations will be derived and implications discussed in the same section.

scholarly journals Estimates of the Effects of Emigration on the Labour Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Gindra Kasnauskienė ◽  
Tomas Šiaudvytis
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
The Impact

Migration flows have increased since the EU enlargement in 2004. In many European countries, they are sufficiently large to have significant economic effects. These effects are among the most popular topics in public debate. In this paper, the authors attempt to quantify the effects of emigration on wages, welfare and in­come redistribution in the selected new EU member states. Emigration reduces labour supply and in­creases national wage generating income redistribu­tion from the owners of capital to the labour force. Emigration also results in welfare loss as emigrants no longer produce output in their home country. The au­thors of the article adopt a simple theoretical model of the labour market which allows quantifying these effects through the use of basic economic and demo­graphic statistics. The research on the effects of emigration on wages uses a simple supply and demand framework, where labour demand is derived from a marginal pro­ductivity condition using the Cobb–Douglas produc­tion function. The authors also assume perfectly ine­lastic labour supply, in case of which the effect of emigration on wages is entirely determined by labour demand. Wage elasticity estimation uses the fact that the capital share parameter in the Cobb–Douglas function also measures labour demand elasticity. This property of the production function allows the au­thors to estimate the elasticity using national ac­counts data. The estimates of labour demand (wage) elas­ticity for Lithuania range from 0.44 to 0.55, implying that due to emigration wages might have increased from 0.75 to 0.94 per cent a year, on average. In the period of 2001–2008, emigration might have resulted in a wage increase of 5.9 to 7.3 per cent. However, these estimates require caution as the beginning of the period was characterised by high unemployment. Emigration loss amounts to 0.4 per cent of GDP, and 2.8 per cent of GDP is redistributed to labour every year. Due to the poor quality of migration data, the impact of emigration on wages, welfare and income redistribution in other countries is most likely signifi­cantly underestimated. The assumption that the share of declared emigration is similar across countries would imply that those affected by emigration the most are Slovenia, Czech Republic and Estonia.

scholarly journals Societal Change and the Economics of Fertility and Female Labour Force Participation

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Poot ◽  
Jacques J. Siegers
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Simple Regression Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Issues

This paper reports the results of a New Zealand study of one aspect of household economics: the relationship between fertility behaviour and labour supply. Empirical research has shown that the presence of young children affects labour supply of the mother. New Zealand examples are Hyman (1979) and Harris and Raney (1991). However, Hockey and Khawaja (1984) found that a woman's labour force participation negatively affects fertility. In this paper we argue that fertility and labour force participation decisions are determined jointly rather than that there is a one-way causal relationship. We test this hypothesis by means of a simple regression model of fertility and female labour force participation using grouped data from 22 Local Government Regions (LGRs), pooled for the years 1976, 1981 and 1986. The next section discusses some of the theoretical issues. This is followed by a description of the data and a discussion of regression equations. After summing up the results, the last section provides some suggestions for further research.

THE ONTOLOGICAL ROOTEDNESS OF COGNITIVE PRACTICES LINGUISTIC FORMS IN RELIGIOUS SOCIO-CULTURAL TRADITIONS: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH

Communicology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-148
Author(s):  
NATALIA MALSHINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Ontology Language ◽  
The World ◽  
True Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the ontological problems in the aspect of the ratio of different cognitive practices and their mutual conditionality in the context of communication and their socio-cultural prerequisites, which is possible only if the traditional approach to the distinction between epistemology and faith is revised. Based on the idea of identity of common grounds of cognitive practices “belief” is included in the understanding of interpretation in the communicative situation for true knowledge in each of the modes of being. Belief in the philosophical tradition reveals the ontological foundations of hermeneutics. Three reflections are synthesised: the hermeneutic concept of understanding, the structuralist concept of language, and the psychoanalytic concept of personality. It is necessary to apply the method of phenomenological reduction to the ontological substantiation of hermeneutics in the Christian Orthodox tradition. Hence, the very natural seems the meeting of semantics, linguistics, and onomatodoxy, with the ontology language of Heidegger, the origins of which resides in in Husserl phenomenology. Fundamental ontology and linguistics, cult philosophy - both in different ways open the horizons of substantiation of hermeneutics. The beginning of this justification is the hermeneutic problem in Christianity, which has appeared as a sequence of the question of the relationship between the two Covenants, or two Unions. In the paper, the author attempts to identify the stages of constructing the philosophical concept of Pavel Florensky. As a result, the substantiation of the birth of the world in consciousness by the cult is revealed. Ontological tradenote words can be seen in Florensky through symbols. The symbol makes the transition from a small energy to a larger one, from a small information saturation to a greater one, acting as a lumen of being - when by the name we hear the reality. The word comes into contact with the world that is on the other side of our own psychological state. The word, the symbol shifts all the time from subjective to objective. The communicative model acts as a common point uniting these traditions. The religious approach as part of semiotic approach reveals the horizons of ontological conditionality of language and words, and among the words - the name, as the name plays a central role in the accumulation and transmission of information, understanding of the commonality of this conditionality in the concepts of phenomenology and Christian, Orthodox tradition.

scholarly journals Subjective Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Information Search when Purchasing a Franchise: A Comparative Exploration from Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Peter Balsarini ◽  
Claire Lambert ◽  
Maria M. Ryan ◽  
Martin MacCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Relationship

Franchising has long been a method by which organizations seek to expand and facilitate local market development. However, franchising as a growth strategy can often be hampered by lack of suitable franchisees. To mitigate this shortage, some franchisors have engaged in recruiting franchisees internally from the ranks of their employees in addition to the traditional approach of recruiting franchisees externally. Predominantly franchisees are individuals rather than corporations and thus purchasing a franchise should most commonly be characterized as a consumer acquisition. To explore the relationship between subjective knowledge, perceived risk, and information search behaviors when purchasing a franchise qualitative interviews were conducted with franchisees from the restaurant industry. Half of these respondents were externally recruited having never worked for the franchisor and half were internally recruited having previously been employees of the franchisor. The external recruits expressed a strong desire to own their own business and engaged in extensive decision-making processes with significant information search when purchasing their franchises. Contrastingly, the internal recruits expressed a strong desire to be their own boss and engaged in limited, bordering on habitual decision-making processes with negligible information search when acquiring their franchises. The results reveal that differences in subjective knowledge and perceived risk appear to significantly impact the extent of information search between these two groups. A model of the relationship between subjective knowledge, perceived risk and information search in the purchasing of a franchise is developed that reconciles these findings. The findings also have practical implications for franchisors’ franchisee recruiting efforts which are integral to their capacity to develop local markets.

Higher education, gender, and foreign direct investment: Evidence from OECD countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 095042222199727
Author(s):  
George Pantelopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to explore and empirically investigate the relationship between the labour force across educational levels and foreign direct investment (FDI), and to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators across countries based on uniform and internationally agreed definitions. The analysis focuses on OECD countries. The empirical findings suggest that an educated labour force positively affects inward FDI. However, different educational levels do not have the same level of significance; tertiary education appears to have the greatest influence. As far as gender is concerned, the level of female participation in the workforce seems to be crucial in attracting FDI, and governments should therefore adopt policies to promote women’s empowerment.

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