scholarly journals A step-indexed Kripke model of hidden state

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN SCHWINGHAMMER ◽  
LARS BIRKEDAL ◽  
FRANÇOIS POTTIER ◽  
BERNHARD REUS ◽  
KRISTIAN STØVRING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metric Space ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Operational Semantics ◽  
Kripke Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
Modular Reasoning ◽  
Proof Rules ◽  
Model Based ◽  
First Sound

Frame and anti-frame rules have been proposed as proof rules for modular reasoning about programs. Frame rules allow the hiding of irrelevant parts of the state during verification, whereas the anti-frame rule allows the hiding of local state from the context.We discuss the semantic foundations of frame and anti-frame rules, and present the first sound model for Charguéraud and Pottier's type and capability system including both of these rules. The model is a possible worlds model based on the operational semantics and step-indexed heap relations, and the worlds are given by a recursively defined metric space. We also extend the model to account for Pottier's generalised frame and anti-frame rules, where invariants are generalised to families of invariants indexed over preorders. This generalisation enables reasoning about some well-bracketed as well as (locally) monotone uses of local state.

The impact of higher-order state and control effects on local relational reasoning

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 477-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEREK DREYER ◽  
GEORG NEIS ◽  
LARS BIRKEDAL
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Local State ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Logical Relation ◽  
Game Semantics ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Order State

AbstractReasoning about program equivalence is one of the oldest problems in semantics. In recent years, useful techniques have been developed, based on bisimulations and logical relations, for reasoning about equivalence in the setting of increasingly realistic languages—languages nearly as complex as ML or Haskell. Much of the recent work in this direction has considered the interesting representation independence principles enabled by the use of local state, but it is also important to understand the principles that powerful features like higher-order state and control effects disable. This latter topic has been broached extensively within the framework of game semantics, resulting in what Abramsky dubbed the “semantic cube”: fully abstract game-semantic characterizations of various axes in the design space of ML-like languages. But when it comes to reasoning about many actual examples, game semantics does not yet supply a useful technique for proving equivalences.In this paper, we marry the aspirations of the semantic cube to the powerful proof method of step-indexed Kripke logical relations. Building on recent work of Ahmed et al. (2009), we define the first fully abstract logical relation for an ML-like language with recursive types, abstract types, general references and call/cc. We then show how, under orthogonal restrictions to the expressive power of our language—namely, the restriction to first-order state and/or the removal of call/cc—we can enhance the proving power of our possible-worlds model in correspondingly orthogonal ways, and we demonstrate this proving power on a range of interesting examples. Central to our story is the use of state transition systems to model the way in which properties of local state evolve over time.

Taxation, Trust, and Government Debt: State-Elite Relations in Sichuan, 1850–1911

Modern China ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-294
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Kaske
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
State Elite ◽  
The 1911 Revolution ◽  
Relationship Of

This article explores the shifting relationship between the state and the rural elites in Sichuan during the last decades of the Qing dynasty through the lens of taxation and public debt by using a creditor-debtor model as a theoretical framework. Sichuan’s unique rewarded land tax surcharge, called the “Contribution” and levied since 1864, established a relationship of symbolic and economic indebtedness of the imperial and local state to the taxpayer. Western-inspired reforms after 1898 directly attacked the symbolic and economic bonds established by the Contribution. The Railway Rent Share tax shifted the creditor-debtor relationship from the state to the public Sichuan-Hankou Railway Company by making individual taxpayers into shareholders. When Beijing eventually banned what it saw as a privatization of taxation and decided to nationalize the railway company, this ignited the Railway Protection Movement, which precipitated the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan.

Old Pastor and Local Bureaucrats: Recasting Church-State Relations in Contemporary China

Modern China ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifeng Liu ◽  
Chris White
Keyword(s):  
Church Leaders ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Church Structure ◽  
Church State Relations ◽  
State Relations ◽  
The Church ◽  
Local Levels

In examining the relationships between a state-recognized Protestant pastor and local bureaucrats, this article argues that church leaders in contemporary China are strategic in enhancing interactions with the local state as a way to produce greater space for religious activities. In contrast to the idea that the Three-Self church structure simply functions as a state-governing apparatus, this study suggests that closer connection to the state can, at times, result in less official oversight. State approval of Three-Self churches offers legitimacy to registered congregations and their leaders, but equally important is that by endorsing such groups, the state is encouraging dialogue, even negotiations between authorities and the church at local levels.

LEGAL MECHANISM AS THE BASIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISMS OF COORDINATION OF INTERESTS OF THE STATE AND TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Gryshko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
The Status ◽  
Economic Mechanisms ◽  
Legal Mechanism

The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the conditionality of organizational and economic mechanisms of coordination of interests of the state and territorial communities by the legal mechanism. Based on the analysis of scientific approaches to the concept and classification of mechanisms of public administration in general, the author proposes to ensure the coordination of the interests of the state and territorial communitiesin Ukraine through legal, organizational and economic mechanisms. The scientific publication reveals the content of the legal mechanism for reconciling the interests of the state and territorial communities through such elements as forms and methods of legal regulation. Among the forms of legal regulation of coordination of interests of the state and territorial communities in Ukraine, attention is focused on the Constitution of Ukraine, international acts ratified by the Parliament of Ukraine, competent, general, and sectoral laws of Ukraine, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, and regulations of central and local executive bodies, local self- government bodies, the subject of regulation of which is the status of local state administrations and local self-government bodies, as well as the nature of relations between them. The methods of legal regulation include and characterize the permits, instructions, and prohibitions established for legislative acts, established for local state administrations and local self-government bodies. Taking into account the analysis of forms and methods of legal regulation of coordination of interests of the state and territorial communities in Ukraine, it is set that due to them the organizational and economic mechanisms of coordination of interests arise and are realized. In particular, with regard to the organizational mechanism, the legal mechanism creates such organizational elements as organizational entities, which are local state administrations, local governments, advisory, consultative and other bodies, as well as organizational actions, in particular, conciliation procedures, and for economic determines economic resources such as the order of formation and amounts of budget funds, objects ofstate and communal property rights.

Catastrophe Model-Based Assessment of Hurricane Risk and Estimates of Potential Insured Losses for the State of Florida

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid S. Hamid ◽  
Jean-Paul Pinelli ◽  
Shu-Ching Chen ◽  
Kurt Gurley
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Catastrophe Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Insured Losses ◽  
Hurricane Risk

Employment Effects of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Baumann ◽  
Bryan Engelhardt ◽  
Victor A. Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Winter Olympic Games ◽  
Lake City ◽  
Leisure Industry

SummaryLocal, state, and federal governments, along with the Salt Lake City Organizing Committee, spent roughly $1.9 billion in planning and hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Event promoters suggested that the Games would increase employment in the state by 35,000 job-years. We investigate whether the 2002 Winter Olympics actually increased employment finding that the Games’ impact was a fraction of that claimed by the boosters.While the Salt Lake City Olympics did increase employment overall by between 4,000 and 7,000 jobs, these gains were concentrated in the leisure industry, and the Games had little to no effect on employment after 12 months.

Model-based engineering in the embedded systems domain: an industrial survey on the state-of-practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grischa Liebel ◽  
Nadja Marko ◽  
Matthias Tichy ◽  
Andrea Leitner ◽  
Jörgen Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Model Based ◽  
State Of Practice

scholarly journals A Survey of Collaborative Filtering Techniques

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyuan Su ◽  
Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sparsity ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

As one of the most successful approaches to building recommender systems, collaborative filtering (CF) uses the known preferences of a group of users to make recommendations or predictions of the unknown preferences for other users. In this paper, we first introduce CF tasks and their main challenges, such as data sparsity, scalability, synonymy, gray sheep, shilling attacks, privacy protection, etc., and their possible solutions. We then present three main categories of CF techniques: memory-based, model-based, and hybrid CF algorithms (that combine CF with other recommendation techniques), with examples for representative algorithms of each category, and analysis of their predictive performance and their ability to address the challenges. From basic techniques to the state-of-the-art, we attempt to present a comprehensive survey for CF techniques, which can be served as a roadmap for research and practice in this area.

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