‘Oh, Oh Rodeo!!’: American Cowboys and Post-Independence Ireland

In 1924 Tex Austin, an American showman, brought his world travelling Rodeo to Croke Park in Dublin. Coming at a time of significant social and political upheaval in Ireland, Austin's rodeo promised an entirely new kind of spectacle which was free from imperial or British connotations. Austin's rodeo, and cowboy paraphernalia in general, seemed largely immune from cultural suspicions despite the fact that few citizens knew what a rodeo actually entailed. The purpose of the present article is twofold. First it provides a detailed examination of Tex Austin's Dublin Rodeo, and a growing proliferation of cowboy culture in interwar Ireland. Second, it uses Austin's Rodeo and its aftermath, to discuss the rise of cowboy masculinities in Ireland. Done to highlight the multiplicity of masculine identities in the Free State, the article discusses the appeal of cowboy inspired masculinity in Ireland, as well as the mediums through which it passed. Such an identity was not all encompassing but it did exist, and was sustained by the entertainment and leisure industry. Its study reiterates the need for more work on the various pressures and influences brought to bear on Irish masculinity.

An Improved GM(1,1) Model of Marketization of Forest Ecological Compensation based on Health-Cultivation Industry

In the context of supply-side structual reform, the marketization of forest ecological compensation is an inevitable requirement under the market economy. The forest health-cultivation industry, which explores the new method to utilize the forestry resources, is a new direction of forestry firms and is the production of supply-side structural reform. From the perspective of forest health-cultivation industry, this essay explores the possibility of the marketization of forest ecological compensation based on forest health-cultivation industry, and predicts the willingness of people to pay for the ecological service by using the original number of tourists in forestry tourism and leisure industry tourism between 2010 and 2015 and adopting the improved GM (1,1) model. The result shows that people’s willingness is increasing. It is predicted that, by 2023, the number of tourists in forestry tourism and leisure industry tourism will reach 8.98 billion. The development of forest health-cultivation industry has introduced the market mechanism for forestry development, which makes up for the deficiency of the existing compensation mechanism characterized by low compensation standards and single channel of funding. The increase of people’s demand for ecological tourism and the boom of forest health-cultivation industry which provide a new opportunity for the marketization and diversification of forest ecological compensation mechanism.

Mandatory Vaccination during the Period of a Pandemic: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Europe

The present study explores the pressing matter of mandatory vaccination in Europe from an ethical–constitutional perspective. To start with, it considers the bases of the concerns that have been raised to date, as well as those of the documented opposition. This is followed by an analysis of the applicable European legal framework and a discussion on mandatory vaccination in the workplace, education and the leisure industry, before outlining the conclusions reached. The position taken by this paper is that as long as certain conditions are met, mandatory vaccination does not violate fundamental rights. On the contrary, provided that the principle of proportionality is satisfied, mandatory vaccination as a form of medical intervention constitutes a manifestation of the obligation on the part of the state to protect the fundamental rights to life and health.

ASPECT FONCTIONNEL DE LA TERMINOLOGIE TOURISTIQUE DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE

The article examines the active aspects of tourism formation terminology of the French language. The language of the leisure industry is actively developing, forming new terms, including borrowing them from other languages, as well as from technical terms assimilated from various fields of human knowledge.

Study on Spatial Structure Characteristics of the Tourism and Leisure Industry

By taking Beijing as the case site, using open-source Point of Interest data, and employing spatial visualization techniques, this study explores the spatial structural characteristics of the Beijing tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors. It has been found that (1) the nearest neighbor indexes of the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors are all less than 1, indicating that the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors in Beijing exhibit a spatial clustering distribution. Scenic spots have the largest R-value of 0.52 and, thus, the lowest degree of clustering. The minimum R-value of 0.15 is found in catering, marking the highest degree of clustering in the industry; (2) the main directional trend of the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors in Beijing is the “northeast-southwest” direction, the south-north directional dispersion is dominant, and scenic spots demonstrate a more noticeable trend of spatial dispersion; (3) within the area from Sanlitun Street in the north to Panjiayuan Street in the south, and from Chaoyangmen Street in the west to Liulitun Street in the east, is situated the largest portion of cluster centers with the highest degree of clustering in Beijing’s tourism and leisure industry. The contiguous high-density cluster center of catering starts from Sanlitun Street in the north to Jinsong Street in the south, and from Chaoyangmen Street in the west to Liulitun Street in the east. The cluster of shopping and entertainment shows a checkerboard pattern in the CZCF and NUDZ. The high-value cluster of accommodation occurs primarily around Sanlitun, Panjiayuan, and Qianmen; (4) the distribution of three grades of hot spot areas and non-significant areas of tourism and leisure, catering, accommodation, and shopping and entertainment in Beijing demonstrates a circular pattern that centers around the CZCF and expands outward in sequence. High-value hot spot streets for this area are dominated by Beixinqiao Street, Hepingli Street, Sanlitun Street, Heping Street, and Tuanjiehu Street; and the high-value cold spot streets of the area are chiefly in Fuzizhuang Township, Wangping Town, Miaofeng Mountain Town, and Tanzhesi Town.

The Context

London during the Victorian period was the largest city in the world, a focus for migration, and the centre of international finance, trade, and manufacturing as well as technological and scientific research, and the seat of imperial government. Its population included the very rich and the very poor, and a rapidly expanding professional and commercial middle class. Despite its vast and growing population, the metropolis had no formal identity and no central authority to coordinate services with the result that for much of the period water supplies and waste disposal were chaotic. With overcrowded housing, disease was endemic, and the death rate high. London was a very unhealthy place. Commercial success led to major redevelopment in the centre, and constant outward migration leading to suburbanization, a developing suburban transport network, segregation of classes, and a rapidly expanding leisure industry. Fluctuations in trade and economic downturns led to financial insecurity and political anxieties, periods of extreme distress among the poorest contributing to social unrest and fuelled millenarian hopes and fears. This provided the context for an extraordinary level of religious and religiously inspired philanthropic activity.

Assessing the Role and Use of Blockchain Technology in the Hospitality and Leisure Industry

Blockchain is an innovative technology, where in the hospitality and leisure industry, travelers can obtain their tourism products and services through an intermediation between travelers and service providers that causes many different problems (e.g. inefficient payment system, extra cost, etc.). The operative effect of blockchain on the hospitality and leisure industry is based on removing the intermediary from the supply chain. Blockchain capabilities are determined according to a number of massive industries, including financial sectors. Such organisations generate various methods in order to simplify trading for smaller and medium sizes of industries. The networks of the tourism value are based on power dependencies’ relationships in such a way many expert staff members have acquired additional values that are taken from their partnerships. The structure of a market can be improved based on the value, which relates to different online travel agencies via converting power from suppliers to consumers. The assessment demonstrates that the blockchain technology represents an effective technology that removes mediators, which are originally sourced from the supply chain. This technology does not allow any mediators to gain entry along towards the tourism industry, and by eliminating the market’s power.

Industrial Re-Use of Composites

The amount of obsolete composites is increasing on a global scale, for example yacht hulls from a growing leisure industry and large rotor blades from wind energy production. Until now it has not been possible to recycle or disassemble thermoset composites into their original constituent parts of fibre reinforcement and resins. Subsequently a new method of re-use has been developed. This method involves machining the obsolete composite product into strips or flakes for re-use as reinforcing elements which, when combined with fresh resin and fibre, enable the production of a brand new component. This, in effect, preserves and re-uses the mechanical properties of the original obsolete composite. This method has been proven in manufacturing retaining walls, also guide beams for canals, crane mats and bridge decking, all using the strips or flakes from end of life composite products. For use on an industrial scale, a positive business case is imperative. In order to prove the industrial technology, new products have to contain a sufficiently high percentage of re-used composites in combination with automated processing. This has been achieved with “push-pultrusion” which is in essence a further development of the long established pultrusion process.