scholarly journals (P1-24) Future Weapons of Mass Destruction: Preparing For Emerging Threats

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s106-s107
Author(s):  
J. Mcisaac
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Ache Inhibitors ◽  
Organizational Resiliency ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCivilian Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) training involves preparing for threats well-known to the military since World War II. Present and future developments in Chemical-Biological (CB) research have resulted in new potential agents, modes of action, and methods of delivery. Chemical-Biological defense training should include these new agents and anticipate contact with previously unknown ones. The natural response to an unknown threat is fear and panic, out of proportion to the actual threat. Specific training in management of new pathogens and toxidromes should be incorporated into existing preparedness regimes. Leadership skills that address uncertainty and inspire constructive responses will increase resiliency.MethodsLiterature ReviewResultsRecent and Future CB Agents: (1) 4th Generation AchE inhibitors: Novichoks, Substance 33, etc.; (2) Genetically enhanced bacteria and engineered chimeric diseases; (3) Modified viral diseases: Variola, Influenza, filoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses; (4) Bacteriophage induced diseases; (5) Agents targeting specific racial or genetic groups; (6) Mid-spectrum agents; (6) Bioregulators: Substance P, vasopressin, enkephalin, etc.; (7) Novel toxins: tetrodotoxin, SEB, saxitoxin, etc.; (8) Hallucinogens and incapacitants (LSD, DMT, carfentanyl, cis-fluoro-ohmefentanyl); (9) Prions and infectious nucleic acids Delivery: (1) New delivery methods: micro- and nano-robots modeled on insects (MEMS systems), microencapsulation; (2) Directed Energy Weapons Mitigation: (1) Development of systems for identifying and dealing with unknown agents and symptoms; (2) Hazard Identification, Risk Estimation, Risk Reduction Strategies, Residual Risk Evaluation and Monitoring, Mitigation and Recovery Leadership skills needed during uncertainty: Sense making, Visioning, Relating, Inventing.ConclusionsPreparing for events without training for new and novel CB agents leaves us unprepared. Incorporating modern science with leadership skills will lessen the impact of future CB release and improve organizational resiliency. The main mistake people make is that they fear current problems more than future ones. Carl von Clausewitz Chance favors the prepared mind. Louis Pasteur.

scholarly journals Unia Europejska wobec problemu proliferacji broni masowego rażenia. Wpływ kryzysu dotyczącego irańskiego programu atomowego na kształtowanie się oraz implementację strategii Wspólnoty

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Robert Siudak
Keyword(s):  
Security Studies ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has been one of the most prominent threat discussed in the post-Cold War security studies. The article presents analyses of the European Union policies towards proliferation of WMD and the impact of the political crisis around Iranian nuclear programme on them. Based on documents of the EU and the International Atomic Energy Agency, two processes are identified as the main source of the EU agenda on non-proliferation. Firstly, internal dynamics of the negotiations on the EU strategy against proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in 2003, including performance of a specific agents promoting their ideas and interests. Secondly, the evolution of the EU role in the debate around Iranian nuclear programme between 2003–2015. Negotiations with Iran are identified as the biggest challenge for the EU policy on WMD so far, with positive conclusions about successful implementation of multilateral mechanisms.

scholarly journals Protection of the environment in times of international armed conflict: الحماية الدولية للبيئة من التلوث في زمن النزاعات المسلحة

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 181-170
Author(s):  
Maria Mohammed Mahmoud Zaki Maria Mohammed Mahmoud Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Military Necessity ◽  
Scientific Fields

The study aims to identify the most important international principles for protecting the environment in times of armed conflict, Whereas the environment is an ecosystem that consists of an interconnected group that differs in size and type of organisms and organic and inorganic elements that are balanced in a relatively stable manner. Since man is one of the most important living creatures, which necessitates human protection to preserve the environment and its balance, the international community has set controls for the use of military force, since wars are an inevitable evil, Among the most important of them is the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. And we used the analytical method in the study by analyzing and studying the principles of international humanitarian law. And from the above, we divided the study into three demands, the first demands dealt with the concept of military necessity in international humanitarian law, while we discussed in the second demands the concept of the principle of balance in international humanitarian law, and in the third demands we dealt with the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations. One of the most important findings of this study is that the principle of military necessity protects the natural and civilian environment through its association with the principle of humanity, which constitute the principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations, The principle of balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations regulates the use of weapons during armed conflicts and prohibits the use of weapons of mass destruction to protect the environment during armed conflicts. The researcher recommends that the United Nations Organization renew international agreements prohibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction in line with modern science and developments in scientific fields.

scholarly journals Money laundering risk management tools based on determining the level of co-ordination of financial companies and credit unions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Vnukova ◽  
Daria Hontar ◽  
Mykhaylo Vorotyntsev
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Financial Conglomerates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The article proposes a tool for managing money laundering risk based on the definition of the level of coherence of financial companies and credit unions, the application of which will contribute to introduction of a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It was revealed that among the investigated during 2010-2017 financial corporations and credit unions there are financial conglomerates. This confirms the existence of close ties between them. Associated financial companies and credit unions may form or join networks that can be used for possible money laundering. It was established that the share of connected credit unions and financial companies corresponds to the principle of Pareto – 20:80. The proposed methodological support allowed selecting a large number of independent credit unions and financial companies. This will help to prevent the impact of the risk of connected individuals on the high ability of the borrower to fulfill their loan obligations and not to be involved in processes for money laundering using networks. Meanwhile, dedicated joint financial institutions belong to a high-risk group for controlling their financial operations to prevent the legalization of proceeds from crime.

International Relations Theory, Biotechnology, and War

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Political Realism ◽  
World War ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

As a field of study international relations has always been concerned with the problem of war. Since the second world war much attention has been given to the impact of weapons of mass destruction, most commonly in the form of nuclear weapons. More recently, a wider variety of issues have been addressed by the field, notably widening its coverage of economic, welfare and social issues. Three broad approaches to international relations have emerged: political realism, pluralism, and globalism.Biotechnology represents a major technological revolution which will have enormous impact on the world at many levels. One impact which cannot be ignored is its potential for weaponry. This paper assesses the three international relations approaches with respect to their elucidation of biotechnology and its potential for violent and aggressive applications.

The Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Futter
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Nuclear Terrorism ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
Nuclear Security ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

Since the end of the cold war, the global landscape of weapons of mass destruction has changed considerably. Three additional states have openly acquired a nuclear capability—India, Pakistan, and North Korea—and a fourth, Iran, may be trying to do the same. Meanwhile, other states were forced to give up or agreed to abandon their nuclear capabilities or ambitions. At the same time, the threat of ‘loose nukes’ and the associated challenge of nuclear security have acquired existential significance given the possibility of nuclear terrorism, the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the damage caused by the A. Q. Khan network. Europe remains a key ‘nuclear theatre’ with UK, French, Russian, and NATO nuclear forces deployed in the region, and this seems unlikely to change anytime soon. The aim of this chapter is to explore the nature and implications of a second nuclear age for European military thinking and strategy.

scholarly journals Determining the level of bank connectivity for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Nataliya Vnukova ◽  
Sergii Kavun ◽  
Oleh Kolodiziev ◽  
Svіtlana Achkasova ◽  
Daria Hontar
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Binary Matrices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oriented Approach

The study aims at developing an approach to determining the bank connectivity level. This will contribute to implementing a risk-oriented approach to counteracting money laundering, terrorist financing and the proliferation of mass destruction weapons. The article proposes to assess the degree of bank connectivity and determine the impact of these circumstances on money laundering risk using banks from foreign banking groups, whose capital share in the Ukrainian banking system amounts to more than 40 percent. Using the resulting correlation dependencies, two-dimensional binary matrices were constructed, which became the basis for creating graphs of links between banks. The institutions under study are found to be predominantly connected in terms of their sets (varieties), since the average proportion of banks with close direct links is over half, and the non-connectivity coefficient for them is about 40%. Each surveyed bank, on average, has direct links with eight other banks and inverse links with four other banks. Considering banks as tops of the graph, one can assume that there is a hidden relationship between some banks. This approach allows calculating all existing relationships between banks to assess risk. Transforming the graph from non-oriented to oriented made it possible to identify and clearly demonstrate possible directions of links between the investigated financial institutions, which should be further verified to determine the risk of money laundering, terrorist financing, etc.

scholarly journals COVID-19 AS A FORM OF HYBRID WAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
MALKHAZ CHIKOBAVA
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
World War ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
The West ◽  
The World

The article presents a comparative analysis of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the current global financial and economic crisis. It is emphasized that overcoming the first great depression and eliminating imbalances in the economy was achieved only during the Second World War, and the modern crisis, which has been raging for 11 years, has not yet ended. This crisis was not followed by the elimination of all imbalances accumulated in the economy. After the acute phase (recession) ended in 2009, stagnation (depression) occurred, which needed to be restored. We have been waiting for a revival for many years, now 2020, but it is not visible. Comparing the crisis of the 30s of the last century and the current global financial and economic crisis, the following differences are obvious: stagnation in the 1930s lasted from 1933 to 1939, or six years that ultimately ended in World War II. After the crisis of 2007-2009, stagnation continued for 11 years, with depression almost two times longer and more delayed. Despite the fact that in a sense, the situation in Western countries is better in the 21st century than in the 1930s, since there is no longer the Soviet Union with its dynamically developing economy, but China has unprecedentedly high rates of economic growth. The thirty-year economic dynamics of China can definitely be called a boom phase. Not a single country in the West has experienced such a long boom in the history of capitalism. It is clear that in such a situation the West must do something. Of course, the West, through war, has repeatedly overcome the accursed resistance of the capitalist rule of production. But with the help of war, overcoming the contradiction of capitalism today is deadly dangerous. The first two world war occurred without the use of nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction. The third world war, of course, will be accompanied by the inevitable use of weapons of mass destruction. And therefore, it is necessary to change something in the world war, which will magically help correct the imbalance of the capitalist economy, revive it, and maintain the status quo of the ruling elite. An alternative to a hot war can be the Cold War, which today they prefer to call hybrid. It involves the use of financial, commercial, economic, psychological and information resources. However, all this is not enough to provide the authorities with powers that would allow them to move from market methods to administrative-command methods of managing the economy. It is with the help of the latter that the imbalance that has accumulated in the economy can be overcome. It is in this context that Coronavirus “appears” as an alternative to the global war to eliminate the imbalances accumulated in the leading economies of the world.

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