scholarly journals Unia Europejska wobec problemu proliferacji broni masowego rażenia. Wpływ kryzysu dotyczącego irańskiego programu atomowego na kształtowanie się oraz implementację strategii Wspólnoty

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Robert Siudak
Keyword(s):  
Security Studies ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has been one of the most prominent threat discussed in the post-Cold War security studies. The article presents analyses of the European Union policies towards proliferation of WMD and the impact of the political crisis around Iranian nuclear programme on them. Based on documents of the EU and the International Atomic Energy Agency, two processes are identified as the main source of the EU agenda on non-proliferation. Firstly, internal dynamics of the negotiations on the EU strategy against proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in 2003, including performance of a specific agents promoting their ideas and interests. Secondly, the evolution of the EU role in the debate around Iranian nuclear programme between 2003–2015. Negotiations with Iran are identified as the biggest challenge for the EU policy on WMD so far, with positive conclusions about successful implementation of multilateral mechanisms.

scholarly journals Green Energy Management through the Implementation of RES in the EU. Analysis of the Opinions of Poland and Germany

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8097
Author(s):  
Tomasz Jałowiec ◽  
Henryk Wojtaszek ◽  
Ireneusz Miciuła
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The EU’s energy policy is geared towards introducing changes in order to stop or avoid negative climate change. The determinants of the energy policies of Poland and Germany are presented along with the priorities until 2050. The possibilities of reducing the impact of energy on the environment were interpreted, emphasizing its common goal. Activities supporting the EU and maintaining the level of energy security are indicated. Possible negative effects in the social and health sphere are presented as a response to the failure to implement these demands. The literature was analyzed and proprietary questionnaires were carried out, and the results realized in the EU by the independent FBI Economic Department were implemented. On the basis of earlier pilot studies, variants of a successful transformation were implemented, assuming different roles performed by a citizen (entrepreneur). Opportunities to tackle climate change and global challenges have been identified based on innovation and motivation. The opinion on the way of thinking in Poland and Germany was compared, and a descriptive model was prepared to increase the achievement of the assumed goals, together with a model based on innovation. Citizens should be active in efforts to promote renewable energy. The EU has a strong base to work to avoid climate change. What is needed is innovative thinking and a motivation to introduce changes with the involvement of every citizen through solidarity, efficiency, and justice. The existing foundations of legal solutions create adaptation possibilities and the ability to achieve goals through self-discipline, comparing with the assumption of EU civic awareness, significantly affecting the successful implementation of RES. Analyzing the attitudes of Poland and Germany, it seems that the distant social consequences are not sufficient. It is necessary not only to perform selected management functions (planning, organizing), but also partly to motivate. There is a strong need to increase motivation and implement the control process required under the threat of negative consequences in the current period as a key strategic preventive action. The analysis of the opinions of Poland and Germany against the background of the European Union allowed for no significant differences, subject to Germany’s readiness to take greater risk. Most of Poland is less inclined to take risks. The lack of an unambiguous opinion may indicate incomplete awareness of both the negative effects of climate change. Both countries are concerned about the unplanned costs of transformation. Germany, unlike Poland, has dedicated employees to handle the climate, and conducts an energy audit and is of interest to investors, thanks to investment plans.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of the Impact of Electricity Consumption in Different Economic Sectors on the Economic Development of the EU Member States

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8335
Author(s):  
Romualdas Ginevičius ◽  
Gracjana Noga ◽  
Eigirdas Žemaitis ◽  
Barbara Piontek ◽  
Karel Šuhajda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
National Economic ◽  
National Economic Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Recently, the Member States of the European Union (EU) have found themselves in a controversial situation. On the one hand, national economic development is barely possible without increasing electricity consumption, whereas on the other we are facing increased use of natural resources (coal, oil, gas, wood), thermal effects, pollution and risks to human health. The European Green Deal is a response to the currently observed negative trends. The strategy aims to accelerate the economic development of the EU Member States, thus reducing electricity consumption. Objectives may include both the national economy and the electricity generation sector by applying advanced technologies and introducing innovations that increase output efficiency while reducing electricity costs. Assessing the current situation is vital for the successful implementation of the European Green Deal, i.e., by comparing the impact of electricity consumption on the economic development of the Member States. Thus, combining indicators for national economic development and the extent of electricity consumption into a single aggregate is necessary because electricity greatly affects economic development. The proposed methodology allows dividing the analysed EU Member States into three groups, in line with the degree of national economic development and the scope of electricity consumption in their economy sectors.

Jacques Delors, the End of the Cold War and the EU Democratic Deficit

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304
Author(s):  
Benedetto ZACCARIA
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The present work focuses on the role played by Jacques Delors, who held the presidency of the European Commission between 1985 and 1995, in fostering public attention to the question of the so-called democratic deficit of the European Union (EU). It argues that Delors’s involvement in this question was a direct consequence of his post-1989 view of European integration as a “collective” project, that is, a political enterprise based on the direct consensus and involvement of its citizens. This perspective was shaped by the reconfiguration of the role of the European Community in the post-Cold War European scenario and by the impact that “democratic” transitions in Central and Eastern Europe had on the Community itself. As an advocate of a “collective” Europe, Delors criticised the Maastricht Treaty for its failure to push towards political integration, publicly disputing the democratic character of the EU since its very inception.

The European Union and the Globalisation of Criminal Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 337-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valsamis Mitsilegas
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
External Context ◽  
European Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIn the new post-Cold War security era, there is a perception that the nature of cross-border security threats has changed. The need to respond to these new threats has led to a proliferation of multilateral international and regional treaties in this area, as well as unilateral demands made by the United States post-9/11. We have, then, seen a process of globalisation of criminal law, a field traditionally linked to State sovereignty. This chapter examines, first, EU action with regard to UN multilateral conventions and the impact of those conventions on internal EU law, as well as the impact of EU action within the framework of the regional treaties of the Council of Europe; secondly, the interrelationship between Union law and the global production of norms in criminal matters by the UN Security Council and by the Financial Action Task Force; thirdly, bilateral cooperation between the EU and the US, in particular in connection with the transfer of Passenger Name Records data; fourthly, the question of compliance by the EU in this area, in both the internal and the external context; and, fifthly, the Court of Justice’s approach to the protection of fundamental rights when global criminal law is engaged. The EU has managed to take centre stage in international developments in the field of global criminal law through a clear commitment to multilateral negotiations as well as a clear political will to implement at the Union level norms agreed internationally without a high degree of transparency. The Court of Justice has also been reluctant to overturn Union security decisions in the name of fundamental rights. The coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty will eliminate some complexity in this area, but not all, and it still remains to be seen whether in the process of globalisation of criminal law the European values proclaimed in Article 2 of the new EU Treaty will be promoted or compromised.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Oksana DESYATNYUK ◽  
Vasyl VOITSESHYN
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Full Member ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Introduction. The development of the economy of Ukraine is directly determined by the value of the export of products, in particular, in the long-term perspective, that is, in the future, which is expressed in the export potential, which allows us to assess the level of the economic power of the state and the ability to furtherits development. The deepening of the economic integration of Ukraine, expressed in its participation in the integration associations, when Ukraine has recently become a full member of the European Union (EU) , actualizes the issue ofthe development ofits exportpotential, afterall, the Ukraine's membership in the EU obliges it to implement its norms into the national economy, including the trade (as certifies by the participation of Ukraine in the World Trade Organization (WTO), which directly affects on its export. Purpose. This research sets up an assessment ofthe impact ofthe membership of Ukraine in the WTO and the EU, in part ofits contractual commitments on its exportpotential. Methods. In this research we used a cross-correlation and a correlation-regression analysis. Results. In the course of this research we found that the effect ofthe membership of Ukraine in the WTO and the EU on the export potential is controversial, because with the expansion of the partnership and the sales markets ofthe products and the strengthening ofits competitiveness, a crisis has emerged in the Ukrainian economy generated by a regional integration, which has had a negative impact on the export potential of Ukraine. Conclusion. This research proposes following conclusions and recommendations for improving the impact ofintegration associations on the development of the export potential of Ukraine: • the search forsolutions to the military-political crisis in Ukraine; • trade liberalization in the context ofthe gradual abolition of export duties on goods with the addition ofa new schedule ofremovating ofthe export duties.

The European Union and the Globalisation of Criminal Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 337-407
Author(s):  
Valsamis Mitsilegas
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
External Context ◽  
European Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the new post-Cold War security era, there is a perception that the nature of cross-border security threats has changed. The need to respond to these new threats has led to a proliferation of multilateral international and regional treaties in this area, as well as unilateral demands made by the United States post-9/11. We have, then, seen a process of globalisation of criminal law, a field traditionally linked to State sovereignty. This chapter examines, first, EU action with regard to UN multilateral conventions and the impact of those conventions on internal EU law, as well as the impact of EU action within the framework of the regional treaties of the Council of Europe; secondly, the interrelationship between Union law and the global production of norms in criminal matters by the UN Security Council and by the Financial Action Task Force; thirdly, bilateral cooperation between the EU and the US, in particular in connection with the transfer of Passenger Name Records data; fourthly, the question of compliance by the EU in this area, in both the internal and the external context; and, fifthly, the Court of Justice’s approach to the protection of fundamental rights when global criminal law is engaged. The EU has managed to take centre stage in international developments in the field of global criminal law through a clear commitment to multilateral negotiations as well as a clear political will to implement at the Union level norms agreed internationally without a high degree of transparency. The Court of Justice has also been reluctant to overturn Union security decisions in the name of fundamental rights. The coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty will eliminate some complexity in this area, but not all, and it still remains to be seen whether in the process of globalisation of criminal law the European values proclaimed in Article 2 of the new EU Treaty will be promoted or compromised.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Impact of the EU Structural Support on the Competitiveness of Lithuanian Economics

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Remeikiene ◽  
Ligita Gaspareniene
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The topic of competitiveness is becoming increasingly significant in the context of modern economics. Considering intensive processes of globalisation alongside with competitive pressure amongst the countries, competitiveness has become a necessary condition for successful economic and social development of any country. Only by creating, enforcing and maintaining international competitiveness of the country, rapid economic growth during the long term is achievable. Amongst the other urgent issues, the European Union (further the EU) public policies are also focused on competitiveness. After the failure to implement the Lisbon strategy and become “the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy”, the EU declared its new competitiveness aims in the long-term strategy Europe 2020. Promotion of competitiveness is one of the fundamental aims and priority directions of the EU structural policy. The EU structural support is engaged as one of the public policy measures to promote the competitiveness of the member-states. In this context, it is purposeful to research whether the structural support is used efficiently and whether it actually contributes to the implementation of the defined aims. Under the order of various Lithuanian institutions, numerous studies on the efficiency of the EU structural support have been carried out. Nevertheless, by analysing the impact of the EU structural support, insufficient attention has been paid to the aspect of competitiveness. Considering the fact that Lithuania has entered the third programming period 2014-2020, evaluation of the EU structural investment in the country has become even more topical - for successful implementation of the aims raised for this new period, the analysis of the previous results is relevant. This determined formulation of the research problem: what impact does the EU structural support have on the competitiveness of Lithuanian economics? The empirical research has revealed that the EU structural support has a positive impact on Lithuanian gross domestic product growth, promotes foreign direct investment, research and development expenditure and increases the number of operating entities during 2004-2014 period.

Russia - European Union: The continuation ofthe sanctions standoff

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
M. Klinova ◽  
E. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Year 2013

The article deals with economic sanctions and their impact on the state and prospects of the neighboring partner economies - the European Union (EU) and Russia. It provides comparisons of current data with that of the year 2013 (before sanctions) to demonstrate the impact of sanctions on both sides. Despite the fact that Russia remains the EU’s key partner, it came out of the first three partners of the EU. The current economic recession is caused by different reasons, not only by sanctions. Both the EU and Russia have internal problems, which the sanctions confrontation only exacerbates. The article emphasizes the need for a speedy restoration of cooperation.

scholarly journals Tracking the Fate of Aluminium in the EU Using the MaTrace Model

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Gabriela Jarrín Jácome ◽  
María Fernanda Godoy León ◽  
Rodrigo A. F. Alvarenga ◽  
Jo Dewulf
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Production ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selective Collection ◽  
The Eu

Aluminium is a metal of high economic importance for the European Union (EU), presenting unique properties (e.g., light weight and high corrosion resistance) and with applications in important sectors (e.g., transportation, construction and packaging). It is also known for its high recyclability potential, but relevant losses occur in its life cycle, compromising the amount of aluminium available for secondary production. A novel methodology that allows the identification of these losses and their impact on the aluminium flows in society is the MaTrace model. The objective of this article is to perform a dMFA of the secondary production of aluminium in the EU technosphere using the modified version of MaTrace, in order to estimate flows of the metal embedded in 12 product categories. Twelve scenarios were built in order to assess the impact of changes in policies, demand and technology. The flows were forecasted for a period of 25 years, starting in 2018. The results of the baseline scenario show that after 25 years, 24% of the initial material remains in use, 4% is hoarded by users, 10% has been exported and 61% has been physically lost. The main contributor to the losses is the non-selective collection of end-of-life products. The results of the different scenarios show that by increasing the collection-to-recycling rates of the 12 product categories, the aluminium that stays in use increase up to 32.8%, reaffirming that one way to keep the material in use is to improve the collection-to-recycling schemes in the EU.

scholarly journals New Plant Breeding Technologies: An Assessment of the Political Economy of the Regulatory Environment and Implications for Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3687
Author(s):  
Vincent Smith ◽  
Justus H. H. Wesseler ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
International Policies ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This perspective discusses the impact of political economy on the regulation of modern biotechnology. Modern biotechnology has contributed to sustainable development, but its potential has been underexplored and underutilized. We highlight the importance of the impacts of regulations for investments in modern biotechnology and argue that improvements are possible via international harmonization of approval processes. This development is urgently needed for improving sustainable development. Policy makers in the European Union (EU) in particular are challenged to rethink their approach to regulating modern biotechnology as their decisions have far ranging consequences beyond the boundaries of the EU and they have the power to influence international policies.

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