A Timeless, Boundless, Equilibrium Universe

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grote Reber
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Spatial Curvature ◽  
Doppler Shifts ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Universe

For more than half a century the theory that the universe is expanding has dominated cosmology. All current cosmological theories, from the various Big Bang models to the various Steady State models, explicitly assume an expanding universe. The evidence in favour of an expanding universe is purely circumstantial, and is based on a “sheer assumption”, (Hubble 1936a) that red-shifts in the light received by an observer on Earth from distant objects are caused by relative motion and hence may be interpreted as Doppler shifts. Hubble (1936b) continues: “…the ever expanding model … seems rather dubious”, and “On the other hand, if the recession factor is dropped, if red-shifts are not primarily velocity-shifts, the picture is simple and plausible. There is no evidence of expansion and no restriction of time-scale, no trace of spatial curvature and no limitations of spatial dimensions.” (Hubble 1936c). These statements are as true today as they were in 1936.

Astrophysics and Nucleosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Cosmological Debate ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Having now examined attempts to explain the nature of the elements and the periodic system in a theoretical manner, it is necessary to backtrack a little in order to pick up a number of important issues not yet addressed. As in the preceding chapters, several contributions from fields outside of chemistry are encountered, and the treatment proceeds historically. So far in this book, the elements have been treated as if they have always existed, fully formed. Nothing has yet been said about how the elements have evolved or about the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements. These questions form the contents of this chapter. It also emerges that different isotopes show different stabilities, a feature that can be explained to a considerable extent by appeal to theories from nuclear physics. The study of nucleosynthesis, and especially the development of this field, is intimately connected to the development of the field of cosmology as a branch of physical science. In a number of instances, different cosmological theories have been judged according to the degree to which they could explain the observed universal abundances of the various elements. Perhaps the most controversial cosmological debate has been over the rival theories of the big bang and the steady-state models of the universe. The proponents of these theories frequently appealed to relative abundance data, and indeed, the eventual capitulation of the steady-state theorists, or at least some of them, was crucially dependent upon the observed ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe. Chapters 2, 3, and 6 discussed Prout’s hypothesis, according to which all the elements are essentially made out of hydrogen. Although the hypothesis was initially rejected on the basis of accurate atomic weight determinations, it underwent a revival in the twentieth century. As mentioned in chapter 6, the discoveries of Anton van den Broek, Henry Moseley, and others showed that there is a sense in which all elements are indeed composites of hydrogen.

The cosmological effects of generalized field equations in relativity

1974 ◽  
Vol 340 (1622) ◽  
pp. 263-286 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Fluid Approximation ◽  
Periodic Behaviour ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Universe

An autonomous system of equations, describing uniform cosmological models, is formulated by using the perfect fluid approximation of Einstein’s equations. These equations contain an arbitrary function related to the matter content of the universe, which may include negative energy fields. This function, designated α , is assumed to depend on the density and expansion rate of the universe only. Geometrical methods of analysis are used to study the behaviour of all models described by this system. The analysis shows that there are only three possible modes of behaviour that can be exhibited by a uniform universe. Examples of the first two classes are well known in the ‘big-bang’ and ‘steady-state’ theories. However, it is shown that the familiar theories are not unique, but an infinite number of both such types of model exist for various α . It is also shown that all steady-state models in an expanding universe are stable. The third class of model, associated with periodic behaviour, is of two types. The first is demonstrated by a universe which oscillates between expansion and contraction but never achieves infinite density. The second consists of ever-expanding (or contracting) models in which the density and expansion rate oscillate between finite values. These latter models possess evolutionary characteristics on ‘short’ time-scales, while satisfying the ‘perfect cosmological principle’ in the large, and only arise in the presence of gross non-linearities introduced by the function α . Both the periodic and steady-state classes occur only in the case of negative energy fields.

scholarly journals Searching for space-time variation of the fine structure constant using QSO spectra: overview and future prospects

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 304-304
Author(s):  
J. C. Berengut ◽  
V. A. Dzuba ◽  
V. V. Flambaum ◽  
J. A. King ◽  
M. G. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
The Universe

Current theories that seek to unify gravity with the other fundamental interactions suggest that spatial and temporal variation of fundamental constants is a possibility, or even a necessity, in an expanding Universe. Several studies have tried to probe the values of constants at earlier stages in the evolution of the Universe, using tools such as big-bang nucleosynthesis, the Oklo natural nuclear reactor, quasar absorption spectra, and atomic clocks (see, e.g. Flambaum & Berengut (2009)).

scholarly journals Time Direction of Information Propagation and Cosmology

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
DT Pegg
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Information Propagation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Consistent Solution ◽  
Electrodynamic Theory ◽  
The Universe ◽  
State Universe

In conventional electrodynamic theory, the advanced potential solution of Maxwell's equations is discarded on the ad hoc basis that information can be received from the past only and not from the future. This difficulty is overcome by the Wheeler?Feynman absorber theory, but unfortunately the existence of a completely retarded solution in this theory requires a steady-state universe. In the present paper conventional electrodynamics is used to obtain a condition which, if satisfied, allows information to be received from the past only, and ensures that the retarded potential is the only consistent solution. The condition is that a function Ua of the future structure of the universe is infinite, while the corresponding function Ur of the past structure is finite. Of the currently acceptable cosmological models, only the steady-state, the open big-bang, and the Eddington-Lema�tre models satisfy this condition. In these models there is no need for an ad hoc reason for the preclusion of advanced potentials.

scholarly journals Quasi-Steady State Cosmology

1994 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
G. Burbidge ◽  
F. Hoyle ◽  
J.V. Narlikar
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The standard big bang cosmology has the universe created out of a primeval explosion that not only created matter and radiation but also spacetime itself. The big bang event itself cannot be discussed within the framework of a physical theory but the events following it are in principle considered within the scope of science. The recent developments on the frontier between particle physics and cosmology highlight the attempts to chart the history of the very early universe.

More Reflections

Tempo ◽  
1983 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Robert Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Any imaginative hypothesis must be seminal, and Jonathan Harvey's is no exception. As he points out, a number of composers have been fascinated by the idea of harmonic structures radiating above and below a central axis in reflecting intervals. He says ‘from either side’ rather than ‘above and below’, and perhaps advisedly, for as soon as the concept of ‘below’ is permitted, so is that of gravity. The thesis depends on the removal of gravity in what is essentially a placeless, directionless space, without perceptible ups, downs, or sides. Swedenborg's rarified and not altogether realistic ideas come from a mysticism that is unclear about the nature of space. There are relative directions in space; it has dimensions; it is full of energy and radiation; in it gravity is inescapable. A man floating between earth and moon may not be aware of it, but he will drift in one direction or the other, according to which gravitational pull is the stronger. We can estimate at least roughly the distances between the galaxies, and their relative positions, their rates of movement away from each other if they do not belong to the same group. If the theory that in music the bass has moved to the middle refers to the apparent absence of an absolute bottom to the universe, it can be regarded as at least plausible, though without much basis in actual experience, and scarcely susceptible to proof. Where is this axis from which things radiate? It is not, presumably, a fixed and all too audible persistent internal pedal. No doubt it was there at the beginning, like the Big Bang, to be afterwards detected only by means of some residual musical radiation. It becomes an imaginary, or remembered, point.

Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-205
Author(s):  
Helge Kragh
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Steady State Model ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
Fred Hoyle ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
State Universe

The presently accepted big-bang model of the universe emerged during the period 1930-1970, following a road that was anything but smooth. By 1950 the essential features of the big-bang theory were established by George Gamow and his collaborators, and yet the theory failed to win recognition. A major reason was that the big-bang picture of the evolving universe was challenged by the radically different picture of a steady-state universe favoured by Fred Hoyle and others. By the late 1950s there was no convincing reason to adopt one theory over the other. Out of the epic controversy between the two incompatible world models arose our modern view of the universe. Although the classical steady-state model was abandoned in the mid-1960s, attempts to modify it can be followed up to the present.

NÖTHER’S SYMMETRIES IN (n+1)-DIMENSIONAL NONMINIMALLY COUPLED COSMOLOGIES

1993 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
SALVATORE CAPOZZIELLO ◽  
RUGGIERO DE RITIS ◽  
PAOLO SCUDELLARO
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
General Solution ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Curvature ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Induced Gravity ◽  
Constant Of Motion ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

We perform a systematic analysis of nonminimally coupled cosmologies in (n+1)-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic spacetimes, searching for Nöther’s symmetries and generalizing the results of our previous works. We obtain (i) the absence of symmetries when the spatial curvature constant k is nonzero and n=2, 3, but their existence for all the other n; (ii) the existence of such symmetries for every number of spatial dimensions (except n=1) when k=0. In this latter case, we are able to find a general transformation through which we recover the string-dilaton effective action in (n+1) dimensions and the major peculiarity of string cosmology: the scale factor duality. Furthermore, the symmetry fixes a relation among the coupling F(ϕ), the potential V(ϕ) of the scalar field ϕ, the number of spatial dimensions and the spatial curvature constant. When this is the case, it is possible to find a constant of motion and then get the general solution of the dynamics. Finally, in the framework of the so-called Induced Gravity Theories, we are able to obtain the Newton constant at the present time (t→∞) depending on the number of spatial dimensions and directly related to the constant of motion existing in such a model.

scholarly journals Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Wick Rotation ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Stephen Hawking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Full Solution ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

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