Book Review: Steady-State versus Big Bang: Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe

In conventional electrodynamic theory, the advanced potential solution of Maxwell's equations is discarded on the ad hoc basis that information can be received from the past only and not from the future. This difficulty is overcome by the Wheeler?Feynman absorber theory, but unfortunately the existence of a completely retarded solution in this theory requires a steady-state universe. In the present paper conventional electrodynamics is used to obtain a condition which, if satisfied, allows information to be received from the past only, and ensures that the retarded potential is the only consistent solution. The condition is that a function Ua of the future structure of the universe is infinite, while the corresponding function Ur of the past structure is finite. Of the currently acceptable cosmological models, only the steady-state, the open big-bang, and the Eddington-Lema�tre models satisfy this condition. In these models there is no need for an ad hoc reason for the preclusion of advanced potentials.

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Astrophysics and Nucleosynthesis

The Periodic Table ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190914363.003.0015 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eric Scerri

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Nuclear Physics ◽

Big Bang ◽

Atomic Weight ◽

Considerable Extent ◽

Cosmological Debate ◽

State Models ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

Having now examined attempts to explain the nature of the elements and the periodic system in a theoretical manner, it is necessary to backtrack a little in order to pick up a number of important issues not yet addressed. As in the preceding chapters, several contributions from fields outside of chemistry are encountered, and the treatment proceeds historically. So far in this book, the elements have been treated as if they have always existed, fully formed. Nothing has yet been said about how the elements have evolved or about the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements. These questions form the contents of this chapter. It also emerges that different isotopes show different stabilities, a feature that can be explained to a considerable extent by appeal to theories from nuclear physics. The study of nucleosynthesis, and especially the development of this field, is intimately connected to the development of the field of cosmology as a branch of physical science. In a number of instances, different cosmological theories have been judged according to the degree to which they could explain the observed universal abundances of the various elements. Perhaps the most controversial cosmological debate has been over the rival theories of the big bang and the steady-state models of the universe. The proponents of these theories frequently appealed to relative abundance data, and indeed, the eventual capitulation of the steady-state theorists, or at least some of them, was crucially dependent upon the observed ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe. Chapters 2, 3, and 6 discussed Prout’s hypothesis, according to which all the elements are essentially made out of hydrogen. Although the hypothesis was initially rejected on the basis of accurate atomic weight determinations, it underwent a revival in the twentieth century. As mentioned in chapter 6, the discoveries of Anton van den Broek, Henry Moseley, and others showed that there is a sense in which all elements are indeed composites of hydrogen.

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Quasi-Steady State Cosmology

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900175199 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 293-299

Author(s):

G. Burbidge ◽

F. Hoyle ◽

J.V. Narlikar

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Early Universe ◽

Particle Physics ◽

Physical Theory ◽

Big Bang ◽

Quasi Steady State ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

The standard big bang cosmology has the universe created out of a primeval explosion that not only created matter and radiation but also spacetime itself. The big bang event itself cannot be discussed within the framework of a physical theory but the events following it are in principle considered within the scope of science. The recent developments on the frontier between particle physics and cosmology highlight the attempts to chart the history of the very early universe.

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Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 161-205

Author(s):

Helge Kragh

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

State Theory ◽

Steady State Model ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Big Bang Model ◽

Fred Hoyle ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

State Universe

The presently accepted big-bang model of the universe emerged during the period 1930-1970, following a road that was anything but smooth. By 1950 the essential features of the big-bang theory were established by George Gamow and his collaborators, and yet the theory failed to win recognition. A major reason was that the big-bang picture of the evolving universe was challenged by the radically different picture of a steady-state universe favoured by Fred Hoyle and others. By the late 1950s there was no convincing reason to adopt one theory over the other. Out of the epic controversy between the two incompatible world models arose our modern view of the universe. Although the classical steady-state model was abandoned in the mid-1960s, attempts to modify it can be followed up to the present.

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Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

10.20944/preprints202105.0239.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

History Of ◽

Full Solution ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

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The Topological Universe’s Topological Materials

10.20944/preprints202105.0437.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Steady State ◽

Quantum Gravity ◽

Topological Insulators ◽

Big Bang ◽

Rubber Sheet ◽

Topological Materials ◽

Topological Superconductors ◽

Paradigm Shifting ◽

The Universe

The part of this article dealing with topological insulators and topological superconductors was first written about two years ago - the ideas in the part about the topological universe originated six years ago or more. It’s rather strange that I never put the two parts together in writing before. My belief in unification is unshakeable - I’ve been convinced for years that the universe must be composed of topology. Since Earth is part of the cosmos, entanglement means it must have topological materials. The reverse is also true: topological materials on Earth are well known to science - so in a unification, space and time inevitably possess topological composition. Topological materials (topological insulators, topological superconductors) can be less mystifying if they’re related to the paradigm-shifting deterministic view of quantum mechanics which is described in the universal topology (the “rubber-sheet geometry” of the cosmos): see my previous submission “Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories" at https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202105.0239/v1 (the first section of this present article is a quick summary of the relevant parts).

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A Timeless, Boundless, Equilibrium Universe

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia ◽

10.1017/s1323358000021548 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 482-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Grote Reber

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Relative Motion ◽

Big Bang ◽

The Other ◽

Expanding Universe ◽

Spatial Curvature ◽

Doppler Shifts ◽

Spatial Dimensions ◽

State Models ◽

The Universe

For more than half a century the theory that the universe is expanding has dominated cosmology. All current cosmological theories, from the various Big Bang models to the various Steady State models, explicitly assume an expanding universe. The evidence in favour of an expanding universe is purely circumstantial, and is based on a “sheer assumption”, (Hubble 1936a) that red-shifts in the light received by an observer on Earth from distant objects are caused by relative motion and hence may be interpreted as Doppler shifts. Hubble (1936b) continues: “…the ever expanding model … seems rather dubious”, and “On the other hand, if the recession factor is dropped, if red-shifts are not primarily velocity-shifts, the picture is simple and plausible. There is no evidence of expansion and no restriction of time-scale, no trace of spatial curvature and no limitations of spatial dimensions.” (Hubble 1936c). These statements are as true today as they were in 1936.

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The Battle for the Cosmos!

The Cosmic Mystery Tour ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 84-92

Author(s):

Nicholas Mee

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Cosmic Microwave Background ◽

Big Bang ◽

State Theory ◽

Microwave Background ◽

George Gamow ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Fred Hoyle ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.

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Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

10.20944/preprints202105.0239.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

History Of ◽

Full Solution ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

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The cosmological effects of generalized field equations in relativity

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1974.0152 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 340 (1622) ◽

pp. 263-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Matter Content ◽

Expansion Rate ◽

Field Equations ◽

Fluid Approximation ◽

Periodic Behaviour ◽

State Models ◽

The Universe

An autonomous system of equations, describing uniform cosmological models, is formulated by using the perfect fluid approximation of Einstein’s equations. These equations contain an arbitrary function related to the matter content of the universe, which may include negative energy fields. This function, designated α , is assumed to depend on the density and expansion rate of the universe only. Geometrical methods of analysis are used to study the behaviour of all models described by this system. The analysis shows that there are only three possible modes of behaviour that can be exhibited by a uniform universe. Examples of the first two classes are well known in the ‘big-bang’ and ‘steady-state’ theories. However, it is shown that the familiar theories are not unique, but an infinite number of both such types of model exist for various α . It is also shown that all steady-state models in an expanding universe are stable. The third class of model, associated with periodic behaviour, is of two types. The first is demonstrated by a universe which oscillates between expansion and contraction but never achieves infinite density. The second consists of ever-expanding (or contracting) models in which the density and expansion rate oscillate between finite values. These latter models possess evolutionary characteristics on ‘short’ time-scales, while satisfying the ‘perfect cosmological principle’ in the large, and only arise in the presence of gross non-linearities introduced by the function α . Both the periodic and steady-state classes occur only in the case of negative energy fields.

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