Ultrasound and hormone profiles to monitor follicular activity in cattle after treatment with high doses of progesterone and oestradiol

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-583
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward ◽  
A. Y. Ribadu ◽  
D. Harvey ◽  
H. Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Plasma Hormone ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Follicular Activity

AbstractTo mimic the abnormal patterns of follicular growth in the early post-partum period, heifers were injected with 15 mg oestradiol and 37•5 mg progesterone every 12 h for 7 days starting on day 15 of the oestrous cycle. Control and treated animals (no. = 8 per group) were monitored by daily ultrasonography and plasma hormone measurements. Five treated animals had quiescent ovaries for 11 days during which period oestradiol concentrations exceeded 30 pg/ml. After this, the first post-treatment follicular wave produced a normal ovulatory follicle. The other three heifers had quiescent ovaries for 17 days during exposure to high oestradiol values but this was followed by the formation of persistent follicles. The prolonged exposure to oestradiol probably disrupted normal LH surges in the latter animals. Growth rates and internal diameters for normal, ovulatory and prolonged persistent follicles were similar for the first 6 days after emergence, but the persistent follicles grew larger (P < 0·05) than normal follicles over the next 20 days. Luteinization of a subsequent persistent follicle was observed in one heifer. For 2 to 3 days prior to follicular growth, FSH concentrations were similar in controls, and heifers with ovulatory or persistent follicles (P > 0·05). When follicles first emerged and for the next 4 days, oestradiol concentrations were greater in follicles which later persisted (P < 0·05). For the second half of the life-span of persistent follicles, oestradiol concentrations were basal, thus the structure remained for many days after endocrine function had declined. These observations allow new interpretation of previously confusing findings in subfertile cattle presented to veterinarians.

scholarly journals Relationship between metabolic hormones and ovulation of dominant follicle during the first follicular wave post-partum in high-producing dairy cows

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiho Kawashima ◽  
Saori Fukihara ◽  
Mayumi Maeda ◽  
Etsushi Kaneko ◽  
Carlos Amaya Montoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Igf I

Recent studies suggest that IGF-I is a crucial regulatory factor in follicular growth during earlypost-partumperiod. The aim of the present study was to determine in detail the changing profiles of metabolic and reproductive hormones in relation to ovulation of the dominant follicle (DF) of the first follicular wavepost-partumin high-producing dairy cows. Plasma concentrations of related hormones in 22 multiparous Holstein cows were measured from 4 weeks pre-partum to 3 weekspost-partum, and the development of DF was observed with colour Doppler ultrasound. Thirteen cows showed ovulation by 15.2 dayspost-partum. Anovulatory cows showed higher GH and lower IGF-I levels than those in ovulatory cows during the peri-partum period. Each DF developed similarly, and a clear blood flow in the follicle wall was observed despite ovulation or anovulation. In addition, detailed endocrine profiles were analyzed in 9 out of the 22 cows. Five cows showed an increase in plasma oestradiol-17β (E2) with follicular growth followed by E2 peak, LH surge and ovulation. In these cows, plasma IGF-I concentrations remained high until 10 dayspost-partumfollowed by a gradual decrease. Subsequently, the insulin level increased together with the E2 peak towards ovulation. These profiles were not observed in anovulatory cows. In conclusion, our data strongly support the concept that IGF-I and insulin represent ‘metabolic signals’ of the resumption of ovarian functionpost-partumin high-producing dairy cows. Moreover, we provide the first visual evidence that both ovulatory and anovulatory DFs of the first follicular wavepost-partumare similarly supplied with active blood flow.

scholarly journals Follicle and hormone dynamics in single versus double ovulating heifers

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M P Palhao ◽  
M A Beg ◽  
M T Rodrigues ◽  
O J Ginther
Keyword(s):  
Group Effect ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Plasma Hormone ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ovulatory Period ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles ◽  
Single Versus

Follicles ≥5 mm were ablated at 4 day post-ovulation in heifers to induce a follicular wave, and prostaglandin F2α was given at day 6 to increase the incidence of double ovulations. Follicle diameters and plasma hormone concentrations were compared between single ovulators (n=12) and double ovulators (n=8). In double ovulators, the interval from follicle deviation to the peak of the pre-ovulatory LH surge was shorter (1.9±0.2 vs 2.5±0.2 days; P<0.02) and diameter of the largest pre-ovulatory follicle was smaller (12.2±0.5 vs 13.3±0.3 mm; P<0.02). The LH concentrations of the pre-ovulatory surge did not differ between single and double ovulators for 24 h on each side of the peak. When data were normalised to LH peak, the peak of the pre-ovulatory FSH and oestradiol (E2) surges occurred in synchrony with the peak of LH surge for both groups. Concentration of FSH for 24 h on each side of the peak showed a group effect (P<0.0001) from lower concentration in the double ovulators. A group-by-hour interaction (P<0.008) for E2 reflected greater concentration in the double ovulators before and at the peak. Results indicated that two pre-ovulatory follicles resulted in an earlier and greater E2 increase, leading to lower FSH concentration, an earlier LH surge, and ovulation at a smaller diameter. In conclusion, the difference in hormone concentrations during the pre-ovulatory period was an effect rather than a cause of double ovulations.

Pattern of follicular growth and ovulation frequency in post-partum beef cows after a temporal calf removal associated with a gonadotrophin release hormone

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
G. Quintans ◽  
C. Viñoles
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Calf Removal ◽  
Wave Induced

The main cause of prolonged post-partum anoestrous in suckled cows is the failure of dominant follicles to ovulate. Increased LH pulse frequency is necessary to promote dominant follicles (DF) to ovulate. A 96 h period of calf removal lead to a 2-fold increase in the LH pulse frequency in the study of Stagg et al. (1998). Moreover, acute calf isolation and once-a-day suckling shortly after the emergence of the fourth follicular wave induced two thirds of cows to ovulate the ΔF of that wave (Sinclair et al., 1999). The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of 96 h calf removal and GnRH administration on the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period in suckled beef cows.

scholarly journals 22 INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY ON OVULATORY FOLLICULAR WAVE DYNAMIC IN LONG PROTOCOLS IN SANTA INÊS SHEEP IN THE TROPICS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
M. E. F. Oliveira ◽  
H. Ayres ◽  
L. G. Oliveira ◽  
P. P. M. Teixeira ◽  
S. D. Bicudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Wave Dynamics ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Main Effects

This study was designed to investigate the influence of seasonality on ovulatory follicular wave dynamics in long protocols, with or without P4 device replacement, in Santa Inês sheep. Seventy adult ewes were submitted to 2 synchronization protocols in 3 seasons (factorial 2 × 3; non-breeding: G-1CIDR, n = 12 and G-2CIDR, n = 11; transition: G-1CIDR, n = 12 and G-2CIDR, n = 12; breeding: G-1CIDR, n = 11 and G-2CIDR, n = 12). On D0 (randomised day of oestrus cycle), the oestrus was synchronized with a P4 device (CIDR™; Pfizer, New Zealand) for 14 days. However, in G-2CIDR, the CIDR was replaced by a new one on D7. At D0 and 14, 2.5 mg of dinoprost (Lutalyse™, Pfizer, New Zealand), IM, were administered, and on D14, all ewes received 300 IU of eCG (Novormon™, Syntex, Argentina). Ultrasonographic exam was performed daily between D0 and D14 and, every 8 h until D19. Data were analysed by GLIMMIX using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). There was no interaction between groups and seasons, being presented the main effects for the variables. There were effects of treatment on the day of emergence of an ovulatory wave (G-1CIDR: 8.28 ± 0.54 and G-2CIDR: 9.23 ± 0.44; P = 0.04), maximum diameter of first ovulatory follicle (G-1CIDR: 8.09 ± 0.22 v. G-2CIDR: 7.62 ± 0.19 mm; P = 0.02) and duration of follicular growth (G-1CIDR: 192.00 ± 11.27 v. G-2CIDR: 175.70 ± 9.92 h; P = 0.07). However, there were no effect of treatment on day of ovulation (G-1CIDR: 17.11 ± 0.11 v. G-2CIDR: 17.20 ± 0.10; P = 0.43), ovulatory diameter (G-1CIDR: 7.45 ± 0.21 v. G-2CIDR: 7.34 ± 0.19 mm; P = 0.59), and follicular growth rate (G-1CIDR: 0.69 ± 0.04 v. G-2CIDR: 0.71 ± 0.03 mm day–1; P = 0.65). Effects of season were observed on day of emergence (non-breeding: 7.07 ± 0.641a v. transition: 9.09 ± 0.61b v. breeding: 9.89 ± 0.48b; P < 0.0001), maximum diameter of first ovulatory follicle (non-breeding: 8.28 ± 0.24a v. transition: 7.71 ± 0.26b v. breeding: 7.54 ± 0.21b mm; P = 0.01), ovulatory diameter (non-breeding: 7.70 ± 0.23a v. transition: 7.59 ± 0.26a v. breeding: 6.88 ± 0.21b mm; P = 0.006) and duration of follicular growth (non-breeding: 216.11 ± 12.38a v. transition: 177.38 ± 13.67b v. breeding: 162.57 ± 11.28b h; P = 0.0004). Season had no effect on day of ovulation (non-breeding: 17.15 ± 0.12 v. transition: 17.05 ± 0.14 v. breeding: 17.28 ± 0.11; P = 0.40), and follicular growth rate (non-breeding: 0.66 ± 0.04 v. transition: 0.67 ± 0.05 v. breeding: 0.77 ± 0.04 mm day–1; P = 0.11). Therefore, both protocols showed efficiency in synchronization regardless of the season. Furthermore, protocols and seasons promoted effect on the day of emergence of ovulatory wave, thus influencing the other variables. Supported by FAPESP.

scholarly journals Reduced progesterone concentration during growth of the first follicular wave affects embryo quality but has no effect on embryo survival post transfer in lactating dairy cows

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A Rivera ◽  
Luís G D Mendonça ◽  
Gláucio Lopes ◽  
José E P Santos ◽  
Rolando V Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Donor Cows

Fertility of lactating dairy cows is associated with reduced progesterone (P4) concentration compared with nonlactating animals. The objective of the current study was to determine whether P4 during growth of the first follicular wave (FFW) affects embryo quality. Lactating Holstein cows at 33±3 days post partum were allocated to one of three treatments. Cows in the FFW and FFW with P4 (FFWP) treatments started the superstimulation protocol on day 1 of the estrous cycle and second follicular wave (SFW) cows started the superstimulation protocol on estrous cycle day 7. Cows were superstimulated with 400 mg of NIH-FSH-P1 (FSH) given twice daily for 5 days, two prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) injections given with the ninth and tenth injections of FSH, GNRH given 48 h after the first PGF2α injection, and timed insemination 12 and 24 h after the GNRH injection. Cows in the FFWP treatment received two intravaginal P4 inserts during the superstimulation. Embryos were recovered 6.5 days after artificial insemination and excellent/good and fair embryos were frozen and transferred. Blood was sampled daily from estrous cycle day 0 until insemination from donor cows. During the superstimulation protocol, P4 was (P<0.01) greatest for SFW cows followed by FFWP and FFW cows respectively. The percentage of embryos–oocytes from SFW and FFWP cows classified as excellent/good and fair embryos was (P=0.02) greater than those of FFW cows. Pregnancy per embryo transfer was not (P≥0.73) affected by embryo donor treatment. Reduced embryo quality of cows induced to ovulate the follicles from the first follicular wave is a consequence of reduced P4 during follicle growth.

scholarly journals Negative impact of high doses of follicle-stimulating hormone during superovulation on the ovulatory follicle function in small ovarian reserve dairy heifers†

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin R Karl ◽  
Fermin Jimenez-Krassel ◽  
Emily Gibbings ◽  
Janet L H Ireland ◽  
Zaramasina L Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Abstract When women with small ovarian reserves are subjected to assisted reproductive technologies, high doses of gonadotropins are linked to high oocyte and embryo wastage and low live birth rates. We hypothesized that excessive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) doses during superovulation are detrimental to ovulatory follicle function in individuals with a small ovarian reserve. To test this hypothesis, heifers with small ovarian reserves were injected twice daily for 4 days, beginning on Day 1 of the estrous cycle with 35, 70, 140, or 210 IU doses of Folltropin-V (FSH). Each heifer (n = 8) was superovulated using a Williams Latin Square Design. During each superovulation regimen, three prostaglandin F2α injections were given at 12-h interval, starting at the seventh FSH injection to regress the newly formed corpus luteum (CL). Human chorionic gonadotropin was injected 12 h after the last (8th) FSH injection to induce ovulation. Daily ultrasonography and blood sampling were used to determine the number and size of follicles and corpora lutea, uterine thickness, and circulating concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). The highest doses of FSH did not increase AMH, progesterone, number of ovulatory-size follicles, uterine thickness, or number of CL. However, estradiol production and ovulation rate were lower for heifers given high FSH doses compared to lower doses, indicating detrimental effects on ovulatory follicle function.

219 FOLLICLE AND HORMONE DYNAMICS IN SINGLE- v. DOUBLE-OVULATING HEIFERS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
M. P. Palhao ◽  
M. A. Beg ◽  
M. T. Rodrigues ◽  
R. R. Araújo ◽  
J. H. M. Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Plasma Hormone

The present experiment used the Day 4 ablation model for increasing the incidence of double ovulations in heifers. The objective was to compare follicle growth and plasma hormone concentrations associated with single v. double ovulations. Follicles ≥5 mm were ablated at 4 days post-ovulation to induce a prominent FSH surge and a new follicular wave, and 2 injections of PGF2 (12 h apart) were given 2 days later (Day 6) to favor ovulation. Beginning on Day 5, the 3 largest follicles of the induced wave were scanned twice a day until 36 h after the next ovulation. Blood samples were taken at 6-h intervals starting when the largest follicle reached ≥8.0 mm (expected deviation at 8.5 mm; Ginther et al. 1996) and continued until 36 h after the next ovulation. Concentrations of LH and FSH were measured by validated RIA for cattle (LH measured by Ginther et al. 1999; FSH measured by Adams et al. 1992) and concentrations of oestradiol measured by a commercially available RIA kit (Siddiqui et al. 2009). From a total of 31 heifers, 16 (52%) or 15 (48%) developed a single or more than 1 dominant (≥ 10 mm) follicle in the follicular wave after ablation, respectively. For heifers with 2 dominant follicles, the second-largest follicle ovulated in 9 (60%) heifers and the overall double ovulation rate was 29% (9/31). Follicle diameters and plasma hormone concentrations were compared between single ovulators (n = 12) and double ovulators (n = 8). Diameter of the preovulatory follicles did not increase between the LH peak and ovulation in either the single or double ovulations. In double ovulators, the interval from follicle deviation to the peak of the preovulatory LH surge was shorter (1.9 ± 0.2 days v. 2.5 ± 0.2 days; P < 0.02) and the diameter of the largest preovulatory follicle was smaller (12.2 ± 0.5 mm v. 13.3 ± 0.3 mm; P < 0.02) than in single ovulators, respectively. The LH concentrations of the preovulatory surge did not differ between single and double ovulators for 24 h on each side of the peak (main effect of hour only; P < 0.0001). When data were normalized to the LH peak, the peak of the preovulatory FSH and estradiol surges occurred in synchrony with the peak of LH surge for both groups. A group effect (P < 0.0001) for FSH resulted from a lower concentration averaged over hours in double ovulators. Estradiol showed a group by hour interaction (P < 0.008), reflecting greater concentrations in the double ovulators before and at peak. In conclusion, an increased Supported by the Eutheria Foundation, Cross Plains, WI, USA. Submission supported by FAPEMIG.

Effect of 1 or 2 norgestomet implants inserted from days 15 to 25 after oestrus on follicular development in beef cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 133-133
Author(s):  
D.A. Adikpe ◽  
M.J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle

Controlling the timing of ovulation in cows that fail to conceive after insemination would provide a further opportunity for scheduled rebreeding in a group of cows to save time and optimise results. The ear implant Crestar containing the synthetic progestagen norgestomet provides a means of achieving this control (Sinclair et al., 1992; Lowman et al., 1994). Removing the implant on day 25 after oestrus results in less false positive pregnancy diagnoses than removal on day 21 with the implant in place for nine/ten days. However, treatment of beef heifers with a norgestomet implant towards the end of luteal phase to control oestrus and ovulation is associated with development of a persistent ovulatory follicle and reduced pregnancy rate (Mihm et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of treating beef cows with one or two norgestomet implants on the development of the dominant ovulatory follicle of the second follicular wave.

Zinc nanoparticles induced brain lesions and behavioral changesin Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia. zillii

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Afifi ◽  
Osama A. Abu Zinada ◽  
Haytham Ali ◽  
Michel Couderchet
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Zinc Nanoparticles ◽  
Tilapia Zillii ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica ◽  
High Doses

In this study, the induced behavioral changes and neuropathology of prolonged exposure to high doses of Zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in two species of tilapia, T. nilotica and T. zilli. was investigated. Fish that were treated with 2000 μg Zn-NPs/L showed severe degenerative changes and vacuolation in the neuropil, particularly of the optic tectum, with congestion of the blood vessels of both the cerebral cortex and the meninx primitive. Loss of the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum was noticed as well. Fish showed behavioral changes that included loss of equilibrium, slower movement and swimming sideways. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between T. nilotica and T. zilli in behavioral or pathological changes. The results highlighted the Zn-NPs neurotoxicity and its accompanied neuropathology and related behavioral changes in fish. More caution is needed during the usage of Zn-NPs to avoid possible deleterious impacts on human and animal health.

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