Executive function is necessary to enhance lexical processing in a less proficient L2: Evidence from fMRI during picture naming

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTURO E. HERNANDEZ ◽  
GAYANE MESCHYAN
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
First Language ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Bilingual Literature ◽  
The Right

Recent work in the bilingual literature suggests that naming pictures in a second language (L2) differs from naming pictures in the first language (L1) because of effortful lexical retrieval. This finding has received some support in the neuroimaging literature (De Blesser et al., 2003). In the current study, twelve Spanish-English bilinguals, who had learned English later in early adulthood, were asked to name pictures covertly in either Spanish or English while being scanned with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Picture naming in the second language (L2) relative to the native language (L1) revealed increased activity in the right insula, anterior cingulate gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left fusiform gyrus. These results are consistent with the view that picture naming in a less proficient L2 requires increased effort to establish links between motor codes and visual forms.

Delayed picture naming in the first and second language

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wouter P. J. Broos ◽  
Alice Bencivenni ◽  
Wouter Duyck ◽  
Robert J. Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
First Language ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Phonological Complexity

Abstract Second language (L2) speakers produce speech more slowly than first language (L1) speakers. This may be due to a delay in lexical retrieval, but it is also possible that the delay is situated at later stages. This study used delayed picture naming to test whether late production stages (leading up to articulation) are slower in L2 than in L1. Dutch–English unbalanced bilinguals performed a regular and a delayed picture naming task in English and Dutch. Monolingual English controls performed these tasks in English. Speakers were slower when naming pictures in L2 during regular picture naming but not in delayed naming. Reaction time costs of using L2 did not vary with phonological complexity, but there was a larger L2 cost in accuracy with more complex words. We conclude that the very last stages prior to articulation are not significantly slower when bilinguals name pictures in their L2.

scholarly journals Altered Long- and Short-Range Functional Connectivity in Patients with Betel Quid Dependence: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1626-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhang ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Guangming Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Functional Connectivity Density ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mri Study

Objective: Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease. Brain structural abnormalities may constitute an abnormal neural network that underlies the risk of drug dependence. We hypothesized that individuals with Betel Quid Dependence (BQD) have functional connectivity alterations that can be described by long- and short-range functional connectivity density(FCD) maps. Methods: We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from subjects of the Han ethnic group in Hainan, China. Here, we examined BQD individuals (n = 33) and age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 32) in a rs-fMRI study to observe FCD alterations associated with the severity of BQD. Results: Compared with HCs, long-range FCD was decreased in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased in the left cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in the BQD group. Short-range FCD was reduced in the right ACC and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and increased in the left CPL. The short-range FCD alteration in the right ACC displayed a negative correlation with the Betel Quid Dependence Scale (BQDS) (r=-0.432, P=0.012), and the long-range FCD alteration of left IPL showed a positive correlation with the duration of BQD(r=0.519, P=0.002) in BQD individuals. Conclusions: fMRI revealed differences in long- and short- range FCD in BQD individuals, and these alterations might be due to BQ chewing, BQ dependency, or risk factors for developing BQD.

scholarly journals English compound and non-compound processing in bilingual and multilingual speakers: Effects of dominance and sequential multilingualism

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge González Alonso ◽  
Julián Villegas ◽  
María del Pilar García Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
First Language ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Taxi Driver ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Two Factors

This article reports on a study investigating the relative influence of the first language and dominant language (L1) on second language (L2) and third language (L3) morpho-lexical processing. A lexical decision task compared the responses to English NV-er compounds (e.g. taxi driver) and non-compounds provided by a group of native speakers and three groups of learners at various levels of English proficiency: L1 Spanish – L2 English sequential bilinguals and two groups of early Spanish–Basque bilinguals with English as their L3. Crucially, the two trilingual groups differed in their first and dominant language (i.e. L1 Spanish – L2 Basque vs. L1 Basque – L2 Spanish). Our materials exploit an (a)symmetry between these languages: while Basque and English pattern together in the basic structure of (productive) NV-er compounds, Spanish presents a construction that differs in directionality as well as inflection of the verbal element (V[3SG] + N). Results show between and within group differences in accuracy and response times that may be ascribable to two factors besides proficiency: the number of languages spoken by a given participant and their dominant language. An examination of response bias reveals an influence of the participants’ first and dominant language on the processing of NV-er compounds. Our data suggest that morphological information in the non-native lexicon may extend beyond morphemic structure and that, similarly to bilingualism, there are costs to sequential multilingualism in lexical retrieval.

scholarly journals Effect of Modulating Activity in the Right DLPFC on Revenge Behavior: Evidence From a Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanjun Zheng ◽  
Yuanping Tao ◽  
Yuzhen Li ◽  
Hang Ye ◽  
Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

Revenge is common in our daily lives, and people feel good when engaging in revenge behavior. However, revenge behavior is a complex process and remains somewhat of a puzzle of human behavior. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that revenge behaviors are associated with activation of a neural network containing the anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, inferior frontal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Recent brain stimulation research using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation has shown a causal relationship between brain regions and revenge behaviors, but the findings have been mixed. In the present study, we aimed to study whether stimulation in the DLPFC can change participants’ revenge behavior in conditions where participants’ wealth was taken away in different ways. We adapted the moonlighting game and designed a new paradigm. Our study revealed that revenge behavior increased following activation in the right DLPFC, suggesting that the right DLPFC plays an important role in overriding self-interest and retaliation. In addition, our results revealed that the right DLPFC is crucial in revenge behavior related to the motivation of invasion.

A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of antisocial behaviour disorder, psychopathy and violent crime among military conscripts

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Basoglu ◽  
Umit Semiz ◽  
Ozgur Oner ◽  
Huseyin Gunay ◽  
Servet Ebrinc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist Revised ◽  
The Right

Background:Prefrontal and/or temporo-limbic abnormalities associated with antisocial personality disorder (APD), high psychopathy scores and violent behaviours can readily be evaluated by neuroimaging methods.Objectives:In this study, we compared the brain metabolites in adult male military conscripts with APD, high psychopathy scores and serious violent crimes (n = 15) with age- and educational-level-matched healthy controls (n = 15) by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Methods:All cases were diagnosed by means of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV APD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) semistructured questionnaire in Turkish. The psychopathy scores were evaluated by means of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised translated into Turkish (PCL-R). PCL-R is a 20-item, reliable and valid instrument for assessment of psychopathy, both in categorical and dimensional natures. All patients had a total score of 29 (of possible 40) or higher from PCL-R, indicating a high degree of psychopathy.Results:Our results showed no significant differences in ratio of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr) and choline-related compounds in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala–hippocampus regions of cases compared with controls. ACC NAA/Cr was significantly negatively correlated with both the PCL-R total score and the PCL-R factor I score (interpersonal/affective problems) among the cases.Conclusion:As ACC plays an important role in decision-making and emotional information processing, we postulate that the lower NAA/Cr ratio, suggesting impaired neural integrity, may increase the severity of interpersonal/affective problems of the psychopathy factor in male subjects exhibiting APD, high psychopathy overall scores and violent crimes.

A diffusion model approach to analyzing performance on the Flanker task: The role of the DLPFC

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGIO MIGUEL PEREIRA SOARES ◽  
GABRIEL ONG ◽  
JUBIN ABUTALEBI ◽  
NICOLA DEL MASCHIO ◽  
DAVID SEWELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Time Parameter ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are involved in conflict detection and conflict resolution, respectively. Here, we investigate how lifelong bilingualism induces neuroplasticity to these structures by employing a novel analysis of behavioural performance. We correlated grey matter volume (GMV) in seniors reported by Abutalebi et al. (2015) with behavioral Flanker task performance fitted using the diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978). As predicted, we observed significant correlations between GMV in the DLPFC and Flanker performance. However, for monolinguals the non-decision time parameter was significantly correlated with GMV in the left DLPFC, whereas for bilinguals the correlation was significant in the right DLPFC. We also found a significant correlation between age and GMV in left DLPFC and the non-decision time parameter for the conflict effect for monolinguals only.We submit that this is due to cumulative demands on cognitive control over a lifetime of bilingual language processing.

The role of L1 reading direction on L2 perceptual span: An eye-tracking study investigating Hindi and Urdu speakers

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110497
Author(s):  
Leigh B Fernandez ◽  
Ricarda Bothe ◽  
Shanley EM Allen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Moving Window ◽  
Perceptual Span ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Saccade Length ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
The Right

In the current study we used the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm to directly compare the second language (L2) English perceptual span of two groups that speak languages with essentially the same lexicon and grammar but crucially with different writing directions (and scripts): Hindi (read left to right) and Urdu (read right to left). This is the first study to directly compare first language (L1) speakers of languages that differ primarily in reading direction in a common L2, English. While Urdu speakers had a slightly faster reading rate, we found no additional differences between Hindi and Urdu speakers when reading L2 English; both groups showed a perceptual span between 9 and 11 characters to the right of the fixation based on saccade length. This suggests little to no influence of L1 reading direction on L2 perceptual span, but rather that L2 perceptual span is influenced by allocation of attention during reading. Our data are in line with research by Leung et al. (2014) finding that L2 speakers have a smaller perceptual span than native speakers (L1 perceptual span is approximately 15 characters to the right of the fixation). This most likely stems from the increased demands associated with reading in a second language, which led to a reduction in the amount of attention that can be allocated outside of the current fixation.

The timing of lexical and syntactic processes in second language sentence comprehension

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOLGER HOPP
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
Processing Differences

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how lexical processing difficulty affects second language (L2) syntactic processing. In a self-paced reading experiment with 36 monolingual and 62 first language German speakers of English, we test how differences in lexical frequency moderate structural processing differences between subject and object clefts. For the L2 group, the results show linear relations between verb frequency and the location of the reading difficulty resulting from the structurally more complex object clefts. Native speakers evince comparable effects only in lower word frequency ranges. The findings indicate that greater demands on lexical processing may cause non-native-like syntactic processing in that they attenuate and delay effects of structure building in L2 sentence processing. We discuss implications for current models of L2 sentence processing.

Is first language attrition possible without second language knowledge?

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubov Baladzhaeva ◽  
Batia Laufer
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Russian Immigrants ◽  
First Language Attrition ◽  
Language Knowledge

AbstractThe study explores whether Russian immigrants in Israel with no knowledge of Hebrew (L2) can experience attrition of Russian (L1). Immigrants with no knowledge of Hebrew (−Hebrew), bilingual immigrants who know Russian and Hebrew (+Hebrew), and monolingual controls were compared on lexical retrieval, correctness judgment of collocations, future tense formation, confidence in providing answers to two tasks and the time it took to complete them. Both immigrant groups showed signs of L1 attrition of collocations and of future tense formation, and the –Hebrew group performed significantly worse than +Hebrew group on future tense formation. The three groups did not differ in time-on-task. The –Hebrew group was less confident than the other groups in one task. Low and significant correlations were found between some sociolinguistic factors and test results. We conclude that first language attrition can occur both when immigrants acquire a second language and when they remain monolingual.

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