Revisiting the Revised Hierarchical Model: Evidence for concept mediation in backward translation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHAOHONG WU ◽  
ALAN JUFFS
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Real World ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
English Word ◽  
Category Effect ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Model Evidence

A claim fundamental to the revised hierarchical model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) was that concepts did not mediate backward translation, based on their findings of a category interference effect in forward translation in relatively fluent bilinguals but no category effect in backward translation. This study hypothesized that there was a category facilitation effect in L2-to-concept, which counterbalanced the category interference effect in concept-to-L1, resulting in an overall L2-to-L1 null category effect.In a novel English word-pair semantic comparison task, participants were presented with a sequence of English word-pairs, and judged which word's real-world referent was bigger in size. Results found a significant category facilitation effect in both L2-to-concept for young Chinese adults and L1-to-concept for young English adults when increasing the number of trials. The findings help explain why Kroll and Stewart's finding of an overall L2-to-L1 null category effect cannot be evidence against concept mediation in backward translation.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of the Translated Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for Chinese Adults with Coronary Heart Disease or Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3651
Author(s):  
Ting Liu ◽  
Aileen Wai Kiu Chan ◽  
Ruth E. Taylor-Piliae ◽  
Kai-Chow Choi ◽  
Sek-Ying Chair
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Tai Chi Exercise

Tai Chi is an effective exercise option for individuals with coronary heart disease or its associated risk factors. An accurate and systematic assessment of a Mandarin-speaking adults’ self-efficacy in maintaining Tai Chi exercise is lacking. Mandarin Chinese has the most speakers worldwide. This study aimed to translate the Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale and examine its psychometric properties. The 14-item Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale was translated from English into Mandarin Chinese using a forward-translation, back-translation, committee approach, and pre-test procedure. Participants with coronary heart disease or risk factors (n = 140) enrolled in a cross-sectional study for scale validation. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the two-factor structure (Tai Chi exercise self-efficacy barriers and performance) to this sample. The translated scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α value of 0.97, and good test-retest reliability, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.86 (p < 0.01). Participants with prior Tai Chi experience reported significantly higher scores than those without (p < 0.001), supporting known-group validity. A significant correlation was observed between the translated scale and total exercise per week (r = 0.37, p < 0.01), providing evidence of concurrent validity. The Mandarin Chinese version of the Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale is a valid and reliable scale for Chinese adults with coronary heart disease or risk factors.

scholarly journals Effects of orthography in the picture-word task: Evidence from Japanese scripts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Dylman ◽  
Mariko Kikutani ◽  
Miho Sasaki ◽  
Christopher Barry
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Distractor Word ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Word Task ◽  
Different Populations

AbstractThe picture-word task presents participants with a number of pictured objects together with a written distractor word superimposed upon each picture, and their task is to name the depicted object while ignoring the distractor word. Depending on the specific picture and word combination, various effects, including the identity facilitation effect (e.g., DOG + dog) and the semantic interference effect (e.g., GOAT + cow), are often observed. The response patterns of the picture-word task in terms of naming latencies reflect the mechanisms underlying lexical selection in speech production. Research using this method, however, has typically focused on alphabetic languages, or involved bilingual populations, making it difficult to specifically investigate orthographic effects in isolation. In this paper, we report five experiments investigating the role of orthography in the picture-word task by varying distractor script (using the multiscriptal language Japanese, and pseudohomophonic spellings in English) across three different populations (Japanese monolinguals, Japanese-English bilinguals, and English monolinguals), investigating both the identity facilitation effect and the semantic interference effect. The results generally show that the magnitude of facilitation is affected by orthography even within a single language. The findings and specific patterns of results are discussed in relation to current theories on speech production.

scholarly journals An 11-bit High Dynamic Range (HDR) Luminance Display and Its Use to Discover Contextual Mechanisms of Real-World Luminance Normalization for Visual Acuity and Target Discrimination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chou P Hung ◽  
Chloe Callahan-Flintoft ◽  
Paul D Fedele ◽  
Kim F Fluitt ◽  
Onyekachi Odoemene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Automatic Target Recognition ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Central Target ◽  
High Dynamic

ABSTRACTLuminance can vary widely when scanning across a scene, by up to 10^9 to 1, requiring multiple normalizing mechanisms spanning from the retina to cortex to support visual acuity and recognition. Vision models based on standard dynamic range luminance contrast ratios below 100 to 1 have limited ability to generalize to real-world scenes with contrast ratios over 10,000 to 1 (high dynamic range [HDR]). Understanding and modeling brain mechanisms of HDR luminance normalization is thus important for military applications, including automatic target recognition, display tone mapping, and camouflage. Yet, computer display of HDR stimuli was until recently unavailable or impractical for research. Here we describe procedures for setup, calibration, and precision check of an HDR display system with over 100,000 to 1 luminance dynamic range (650–0.0065 cd/m^2), pseudo 11-bit grayscale precision, and 3-ms temporal precision in the MATLAB/Psychtoolbox software environment. The setup is synchronized with electroencephalography and IR eye-tracking measurements. We report measures of HDR visual acuity and the discovery of a novel phenomenon—that abrupt darkening (from 400 to 4 cd/m^2) engages contextual facilitation, distorting the perceived orientation of a high-contrast central target. Surprisingly, the facilitation effect depended on luminance similarity, contradicting both classic divisive and subtractive models of contextual normalization.

Testing the Revised Hierarchical Model: Evidence from word associations

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
JON CLENTON
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Response Behaviour ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Association Response ◽  
Model Evidence

The main purpose of the work described in this paper is to examine the extent to which the L2 developmental changes predicted by Kroll and Stewart's (1994) Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) can be understood by word association response behaviour. The RHM attempts to account for the relative “strength of the links between words and concepts in each of the bilingual's languages” (Kroll, Van Hell, Tokowicz & Green, 2010, p. 373). It proposes that bilinguals with higher L2 proficiency tend to rely less on mediation, while less proficient L2 learners tend to rely on mediation and access L2 words by translating from L1 equivalents. In this paper, I present findings from a simple word association task. More proficient learners provided a greater proportion of collocational links, suggesting that they mediate less when compared to less proficient learners. The results provide tentative support for Kroll and Stewart's model.

scholarly journals Assessing the presence of lexical competition across languages: Evidence from the Stroop task

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT COSTA ◽  
BÁRBARA ALBAREDA ◽  
MIKEL SANTESTEBAN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Language

Do the lexical representations of the non-response language enter into lexical competition during speech production? This issue has been studied by means of the picture–word interference paradigm in which two paradoxical effects have been observed. The so-called CROSS-LANGUAGE IDENTITY EFFECT (Costa, Miozzo and Caramazza, 1999) has been taken as evidence against cross-linguistic lexical competition. In contrast, the so-called PHONO-TRANSLATION EFFECT (Hermans, Bongaerts, De Bot and Schreuder, 1998) has been interpreted as revealing lexical competition across languages. In this article, we assess the reliability of these two effects by testing Spanish–Catalan highly-proficient bilinguals performing a Stroop task. The results of the experiment are clear: while the cross-language identity facilitation effect is reliably replicated, the phono-translation interference effect is absent from the Stroop task. From these results, we conclude that we should be cautious when drawing strong conclusions about the presence of competition across languages based on the phono-translation effect observed in the picture–word interference paradigm.

scholarly journals Deep Bayesian Nonparametric Learning of Rules and Plans from Demonstrations with a Learned Automaton Prior

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 10026-10034
Author(s):  
Brandon Araki ◽  
Kiran Vodrahalli ◽  
Thomas Leech ◽  
Cristian-Ioan Vasile ◽  
Mark Donahue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Real World ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Bayesian Nonparametric ◽  
Learned Behavior ◽  
Nonparametric Learning ◽  
High Level

We introduce a method to learn imitative policies from expert demonstrations that are interpretable and manipulable. We achieve interpretability by modeling the interactions between high-level actions as an automaton with connections to formal logic. We achieve manipulability by integrating this automaton into planning, so that changes to the automaton have predictable effects on the learned behavior. These qualities allow a human user to first understand what the model has learned, and then either correct the learned behavior or zero-shot generalize to new, similar tasks. We build upon previous work by no longer requiring additional supervised information which is hard to collect in practice. We achieve this by using a deep Bayesian nonparametric hierarchical model. We test our model on several domains and also show results for a real-world implementation on a mobile robotic arm platform.

Psycholinguistic explorations of lexical translation equivalents

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo M. García
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews psycholinguistic research on lexical translation equivalents to show how accumulating evidence constrained successive models of interlingual processing. Three stages are identified in the development of the field. First, in the foundational era, three initial models of interlinguistic associations were postulated. Second, during the take-off era, pioneering experiments assessed the involvement of conceptual representations in forward translation. Third, the ongoing expansion era witnessed the rise of the revised hierarchical model, which inspired research showing that word translation is modulated by directionality, L2 competence, and the stimuli’s concreteness level and cognate status. Two additional issues that surfaced in this third era are of particular importance to cognitive translatology: the impact of translation expertise on word translation and the exploration of the neural basis of translation. Finally, the main findings are summarized and their methodological implications for empirical research within cognitive translatology are highlighted.

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