scholarly journals Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1723-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalle Hirvonen ◽  
Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse ◽  
Ibrahim Worku Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractObjectiveTo revisit seasonality by assessing how household diets vary across agricultural seasons in rural and urban Ethiopia. The role of seasonality on the sources and intake of energy (per capita) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was analysed.DesignThe use of nationally representative household-level data collected each month over one year to study the seasonal changes in the sources and intake of energy and HDDS.SettingEleven regions of Ethiopia, including rural and urban settings.SubjectsTotal of 27 835 households were interviewed between July 2010 and July 2011 in all eleven regions of the country. On average each month saw 2300 household interviews, yielding nationally representative data for each calendar month.ResultsFor rural households, the mean daily per capita energy intake was 10 288 kJ (2459 kcal) in February (post-harvest period) and lower in the lean season: 9703 kJ (2319 kcal) in June (P<0·05) and 9552 kJ (2283 kcal) in July (P<0·001). HDDS for rural households was highest in February (6·73) and lowest in June (5·98; P<0·001) but high again in July (6·57). Urban energy intake was also lower in the lean season but HDDS varied less by season. Considerable seasonal variation was also found in energy sources in rural areas, less so in urban areas.ConclusionsHousehold diets in Ethiopia remain subjected to significant seasonal stress. HDDS and food security measured using energy intake do not always agree. Preferably, HDDS and energy intake data should be used together to assess food security.

scholarly journals Food variety, socioeconomic status and nutritional status in urban and rural areas in Koutiala (Mali)

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hatløy ◽  
Jesper Hallund ◽  
Modibo M Diarra ◽  
Arne Oshaug
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Food Variety ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the associations between the food variety score (FVS), dietary diversity score (DDS) and nutritional status of children, and to assess the associations between FVS, DDS and socioeconomic status (SES) on a household level. The study also assessed urban and rural differences in FVS and DDS.Design: Cross-sectional studies in 1994/95, including a simplified food frequency questionnaire on food items used in the household the previous day. A socioeconomic score was generated, based on possessions in the households. Weight and height were measured for all children aged 6–59 months in the households, and anthropometric indices were generated.Subjects and setting: Three hundred and twenty-nine urban and 488 rural households with 526 urban and 1789 rural children aged 6–59 months in Koutiala County, Sikasso Region, Mali.Results: Children from urban households with a low FVS or DDS had a doubled risk (OR>2) for being stunted and underweight. Those relations were not found in the rural area. There was an association between SES and both FVS and DDS on the household level in both areas. The FVS and DDS in urban households with the lowest SES were higher than the FVS and DDS among the rural households with the highest SES.Conclusions: Food variety and dietary diversity seem to be associated with nutritional status (weight/age and height/age) of children in heterogeneous communities, as our data from urban areas showed. In rural areas, however, this association could not be shown. Socioeconomic factors seem to be important determinants for FVS and DDS both in urban and rural areas. FVS and DDS are useful variables in assessing the nutritional situation of households, particular in urban areas.

Demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting infant mortality in Egypt

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Y. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative

SummaryThis paper analyses the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors with respect to their role in reducing infant mortality in Egypt.Logit analyses of data from a nationally representative sample of Egyptian households, and for urban and rural households separately, indicate that demographic factors have more effect on infant mortality than socioeconomic factors. The results also show the need to improve housing in urban areas and sewerage systems in rural areas in order to reduce infant mortality. One of the most important policy conclusions, however, concerns the importance of providing a vigorous educational campaign to enlighten mothers and prospective mothers in both rural and urban areas on the positive effects of breast-feeding, longer birth intervals, and fewer children on the survival of infants.

scholarly journals Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Jia ◽  
Lin Zhen ◽  
Yu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONSUMSI PANGAN TINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meliyanah Meliyanah ◽  
Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽  
Djuwari Djuwari
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

This research diamed to: 1) knowing the selft-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity and income elasticity of consumption per food item on household level according to location and income level; and 2) knowing the reation between level of income and food consumption on household level according to location and income level.This research used data from SUSENAS of Lmapung Province in 2002 with number of sample of 2091 household, which being differed between rural and urban areas based on low, middle, and high level of income. The data analysis used tobit model and sensored regression.The result showed that: 1) the demand of rice and beeh for household consumption in every level of income in rural and urban areas were inelastic; 2) Coen only been consumed by low income level household in rural areas and the demand was inelastic; 3) the demand of cassava for household consumption on low income level in urban area was elastic, While in middle income level, high income level and every level of income in rural area, cassava demand was inelastic. Cassava was considered as inferior goods; 4) The demand of fish for household consumption an every level of income in rural and urban areas was elastic. Household in rural area on every level of income and in urban areas on middle and high income level consider fish as a main necessity. While on low income level  household in urban areas, it was considered as classy/exclusive good; 5) the demand of chicken; for household in rural areas on middle and high income level was inelastic. When in rural low income level and urban middle and high income level, was inelastic chicken meat was considend as classy/exclusive good the rural low income level household; 6) egg demand for household consumption in rural areas on every level of income was inelastic, while in urban area it was elastic for every level income; 7) the rural and urban household on every level of income considered rice as the stpale food; 8) Household in rural and urban areas on middle and high level of income considered beef as main necessity; 9) On household with middle income level in rural areas, egg was considere as inferior good; while an low income level in urban areas, egg was considere as expensive good.

scholarly journals Household level determinants of food insecurity in rural areas of Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
pp. 1914-1926
Author(s):  
Ayalneh Bogale ◽  
◽  
Shimelis A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Dire Dawa

Even though the struggle to achieve food security at the household level in the rural areas of Ethiopia dates back a long period, it has remained as a challenging goal even today. Making their living on marginal, moisture stressed, heavily degraded and less productive land, households in rural areas of Dire Dawa face persistent food shortages. The design and implementation of effective measures to reduce household food insecurity in the region depends on in-depth understanding of its covariates. This study seeks to address these issues by assessing location specific socio-economic factors that influence food insecurity of households in rural areas of Dire Dawa Administrative region. The analysis is based on survey data gathered from randomly selected 115 sample rural households in the study area. A binary logit model was used to identify the factors influencing household level food insecurity. A total of thirteen explanatory variables were included in the empirical model. The empirical results estimated using the survey data to identify the determinants of food insecurity among rural households in the study area revealed mixed impressions. Among variables considered , family size, annual income, amount of credit received, access to irrigation, age of household head, farm size, and livestock owned showed theoretically consistent and statistically significant effect. However, estimated coefficients of number of oxen owned and dependency ratio showed theoretically inconsistent and statistically insignificant effect on the probability of household to be food insecure.. Estimated coefficients of sex of household head, total off-farm income, education of household head and amount of food aid received were not found to be statistically significant in determining household food insecurity in the study area. The findings imply that improvement in food security situation needs to build assets, improve the functioning of rural financial markets and promote family planning. These areas could provide entry points for policy intervention to reduce hunger and augment household and community livelihood opportunities.

scholarly journals Energy Elasticity in India: An Empirical study with Unit level Household Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Alok Pandey ◽  
Annapurna Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data

In the present study an attempt has been made to estimate the responsiveness of prices and household expenditure on consumption of energy for cooking and lighting at household level in rural and urban areas of All India. Household level energy elasticities are estimated for the rural and urban areas with the help of dummy variable regression approach by using NSSO 66th quinnquenial rounds of unit level data.. The results reveal the fact that average expenditure recorded on energy for cooking and lighting in urban areas is higher than in rural areas at all India level. Majority of the households are using dirty fuel for cooking in rural areas while in urban areas clean fuel i.e. LPG is used for cooking. The expenditure on energy for cooking and lighting at household level is inelastic. The marginal budget share in rural and urban areas is the same. Result reveal the fact that hundred percent increase in prices of energy for cooking and lighting will increase the expenditure of households in rural region more than in urban region.

scholarly journals Differences in the Early Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Livelihoods and in Rural and Urban Areas in the Asia Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 229-229
Author(s):  
Yunhee Kang ◽  
Anurima Baidya ◽  
Alec Aaron ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Christabel Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Food Stock ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Food Expenditure

Abstract Objectives Lockdowns due to COVID-19 had health, economic, social, and political consequences globally. This study examined if the early impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods and food security differed between rural and urban areas in six Asia-Pacific countries. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted in May 2029 using a total of 13,522 household survey data collected cross-sectionally among socially disadvantaged populations through a World Vision's rapid response assessment (n = 13,522) in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Changes in food expenditure, availability of various food items, and accessibility and affordability of essential items (staple food, fresh foods, medicine, and hygiene) were tested between rural and urban areas using multivariate logistic regressions, accounting for confounding variables. Results Job loss or reduced income was prevalent (rang: 54.1%–89.6%), higher in urban than rural areas in all six countries. A higher percentage of households reduced food expenditure in urban areas (53.0%–80.3%) than in rural areas (34.2%–66.4%) in India, Myanmar, and Vietnam (all P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of households having no food stock varied in six countries (13.4%-66.0%), with lower odds of available food stocks in urban areas than rural areas (OR range in Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar: 0.30–0.53, all P &lt; 0.05). Access to essential items was moderate to high depending on the type of item. Essential medicines were more accessible in urban than in rural areas with an OR range of 1.88–5.63 in India, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Household affordability was low particularly for rent (3.8%-16.6%) and loan repayment (3.3%-19.9%), with higher affordability for rent payments in urban than in rural areas with an OR range of 1.98–22.2 across four countries (P &lt; 0.05). Access and affordability for essential items were better in urban areas than in rural areas in Vietnam. Conclusions Disproportional differences were found in experiencing food security and livelihoods between rural and urban areas in six Asia Pacific countries. An understanding of the differential implications of lockdowns related to COVID-19 by residence can inform specifically recovery policies and guide mitigation efforts. Funding Sources N/A

scholarly journals PENGOLAHAN DAN PENERIMAAN PRODUK KEDELAI PADA RUMAHTANGGA DI PERKOTAAN DAN PEDESAAN PULAU JAWA INDONESIA

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Rina Yenrina ◽  
Yuliana Yuliana ◽  
Deddy Muchtadi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
Acceptance Level ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 12.6pt 6pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The study was aimed to get data on kind of processing and acceptance level of local soybean products in rural and urban areas in Java Island. The study locations were South Jakarta (Province of DKI Jakarta); Serang and Tangerang (Province of Banten); Bekasi, Bogor and Bandung (Province of West Java); Purwokerto, Semarang and Solo (Province of Central Java); Yogyakarta (Province of D.I.Yogyakarta); Malang, Jember and Surabaya (Province of East Java). The study was a part of a grand study on processing, acceptance, and consumption pattern of local soybean products at various socio-economic level of households in Java Island in 2005.  The data were obtained by interviewing and observing 2080 households (consisted of 1280 households in urban and 800 households in rural areas) selected randomly. Soybean products that mostly found in the market and consumed by households of Indonesian people, particularly in Java Island, were tempe, tauco, soy-sauce, tofu, tofu-flower, soy-sprout, and oncom.  The mostly ways to process the soy products were stir-frying, deep-frying, toasting, boiling, and ‘bacem’.  Besides, there were also some soy products that consumed directly at a household level after factorized processing, namely as soy-sauce and soy-milk. The average time used to process the soy-products varied, depended on the way of processing and  number of the product processed.  Stir-frying, especially for tempe, tofu, and tauge, was a frequent way done by poor and rich households, both in urban and rural areas.  The products that mostly processed by frying in rural household was tempe, tofu and soybean, meanwhile in urban areas were only tempe and tofu.  The everage time used by urban households to fry the soy-products was shorter than time used by rural households. It was found that more than 90% of households in rural and urban areas stated “like” and “like very much” tempe, tofu, and soy-sauce.  However, the acceptance level of household on tauco, soy-milk, and soy-flower was still low, namely less than 50%.</span></p>

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONSUMSI BERAS PADATINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Cristovao R ◽  
Slamet Hartono ◽  
Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rice Consumption

The objectives of the study were (1) to determine thefactors influencing rice consumption in urban and rural areas of Yogyakarta Special Province and (2) to determine the own price, cross price and income elasticity of rice consumption at different income levels in rural and urban areas. National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data of 2005 Yogyakarta Special Province on rice consumption was used Totalrespondents 1990 households. Regression model used in the analysis was OLS. The result showed that thefactors that influence the consumption of rice are the price of the rice itself, price of the related household goods, income level, education of the mother, number offamily members, and location. Thefactors that individually influence rice consumption vary by kinds of rice, location, and income level. Therefore, the demand of rice in DIY is inelastic, the change of price did not significantly influence rice demand. Generally, rice is normal good at low income household level in the rural and urban areas andfor middle income in the rural, and in middle income and high income in the urban, rice is a inferior good. In other side, rice is Substituted for cassava and sweet potato. Rice is complementary for catfish, fermented soybean cake, cassava, egg, and tofu.Keywords: rice consumption, elasticity, substitution, complementary.

The nutritious price index and food security of urban and rural households in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-968
Author(s):  
Abdorahim Ira ◽  
Mostafa Farrokhfal ◽  
Zohreh Mali
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Food Price ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
The Cost

High food inflation rate in Iran in recent years places many low-income households at risk of malnutrition. Since food security and nutrition are essential dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper aims to create a reliable measure of food security in Iran among different income decile groups and urban and rural areas. The paper also attempts for the first time, to extract health-related indicators from the consumer price index (CPI) and the Household Income and Expenditure (HIES) surveys historically conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). This study reaggregates CPI price data to calculate the nutritious food price index (NPI) for urban and rural households in Iran. Moreover, the “Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)” method is used to measure the trends and spatial variations in the costs of nutrition. The paper presents the results of using the CoRD method for regional levels and decile income groups. Results show that the cost of a healthy diet increased in recent years. Likewise, the healthy food price index is higher than the overall food price index. Finally, the results indicate that the NPIs in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

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