The nutritious price index and food security of urban and rural households in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-968
Author(s):  
Abdorahim Ira ◽  
Mostafa Farrokhfal ◽  
Zohreh Mali
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Food Price ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
The Cost

High food inflation rate in Iran in recent years places many low-income households at risk of malnutrition. Since food security and nutrition are essential dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper aims to create a reliable measure of food security in Iran among different income decile groups and urban and rural areas. The paper also attempts for the first time, to extract health-related indicators from the consumer price index (CPI) and the Household Income and Expenditure (HIES) surveys historically conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). This study reaggregates CPI price data to calculate the nutritious food price index (NPI) for urban and rural households in Iran. Moreover, the “Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)” method is used to measure the trends and spatial variations in the costs of nutrition. The paper presents the results of using the CoRD method for regional levels and decile income groups. Results show that the cost of a healthy diet increased in recent years. Likewise, the healthy food price index is higher than the overall food price index. Finally, the results indicate that the NPIs in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

scholarly journals Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1723-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalle Hirvonen ◽  
Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse ◽  
Ibrahim Worku Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractObjectiveTo revisit seasonality by assessing how household diets vary across agricultural seasons in rural and urban Ethiopia. The role of seasonality on the sources and intake of energy (per capita) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was analysed.DesignThe use of nationally representative household-level data collected each month over one year to study the seasonal changes in the sources and intake of energy and HDDS.SettingEleven regions of Ethiopia, including rural and urban settings.SubjectsTotal of 27 835 households were interviewed between July 2010 and July 2011 in all eleven regions of the country. On average each month saw 2300 household interviews, yielding nationally representative data for each calendar month.ResultsFor rural households, the mean daily per capita energy intake was 10 288 kJ (2459 kcal) in February (post-harvest period) and lower in the lean season: 9703 kJ (2319 kcal) in June (P<0·05) and 9552 kJ (2283 kcal) in July (P<0·001). HDDS for rural households was highest in February (6·73) and lowest in June (5·98; P<0·001) but high again in July (6·57). Urban energy intake was also lower in the lean season but HDDS varied less by season. Considerable seasonal variation was also found in energy sources in rural areas, less so in urban areas.ConclusionsHousehold diets in Ethiopia remain subjected to significant seasonal stress. HDDS and food security measured using energy intake do not always agree. Preferably, HDDS and energy intake data should be used together to assess food security.

The Welfare Effects of Carbon Tax on Chinese Households: A Study Based on the 2013 Chip Survey Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050019
Author(s):  
LI Xuehui ◽  
LI Zhi ◽  
WANG Zhengxin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cyclic Utilization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Low Income Households

Based on the micro-data from the 2013 Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) Survey, the authors use a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to simulate and measure the impacts on the welfare of urban and rural households with different incomes after a carbon tax at 50[Formula: see text]RMB/ton was levied in China. The results show that the collection of carbon tax will increase households’ consumer spending to varying degrees. In urban areas, the carbon tax exerts the greatest impact on low-income households, followed by high-income households; while in rural areas, it has the most significant effects on high-income households and the least on low-income households. On the whole, carbon tax’s impact on urban households is greater than that on rural households. To a certain extent, it can help the household income inequality change for the better and narrow the urban–rural income gap. Since the carbon tax does not act on the distribution of Chinese household income in a simply regressive or progressive way, the authors believe that China should implement supporting policies such as tax subsidies or tax refund as supplements to carbon taxation in an effort to establish a mechanism for cyclic utilization of carbon tax revenue.

scholarly journals Food security assessment in rural areas: evidence from Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Ahmadi Dehrashid ◽  
Masoud Bijani ◽  
Naser Valizadeh ◽  
Hossein Ahmadi Dehrashid ◽  
Bahram Nasrollahizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Adequate Food

Abstract Background Food security is considered a pivotal factor for the sustainable development of communities and focus on this issue in rural areas. More specifically, it is of paramount importance in developing countries. Accordingly, this descriptive-analytical study aimed to evaluate the status of food security in rural areas of Iran. The main originality of the present study is to assess the strategic future-oriented vision for food security in addition to the evaluation of the current status of the studied area. Methodology Data were collected using the standard questionnaire of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and a researcher-made close-ended questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the research instrument were confirmed by a panel of specialists and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, respectively. In addition, data analysis was performed using SPSS24 (to analyze the descriptive statistics) and Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation (FTOPSIS). Results According to the results, 80% of the villagers suffered from food insecurity (25% in low food insecurity situation, 42% in moderate food insecurity situation, and 13% in severe food insecurity situation). Evaluation of the factors affecting food insecurity demonstrated that economic (standardized weight of 0.566), stability (standardized weight of 0.559), and availability (standardized weight of 0.558) were the most important components affecting food insecurity. Moreover, in a systemic approach, the growth of migration from rural to urban areas, pressure on water and soil resources, and the occurrence of environmental hazards are of the most significant consequences of food insecurity. In addition, due to the excessive use of underground water for cucurbits, which is the dominant cultivation pattern in this region, the groundwater level has dropped sharply in some villages farther from the city which can be alarming for exacerbating food insecurity in the near future. Conclusion Since the low-income level of villagers, lack of job diversity, and lack of access to adequate food are the main reasons for food insecurity, in this respect, it is suggested that more attention be paid to the development of occupations and job diversity in these regions by decision-makers and policy-makers.

The Vulnerability and Resilience of African Food Systems, Food Security, and Nutrition in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Moseley ◽  
Jane Battersby
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Hierarchical Diffusion ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
Social Safety Nets

Abstract:As the COVID-19 pandemic rages across the globe, ebbing and flowing from one region to the next, new infections and deaths continue to rise (Johns Hopkins 2020). Some of the first documented cases in Africa occurred in areas frequented by foreign tourists. Early on, the disease also circulated among Africa’s jet-setting political classes that had spent time in other regions of the world with higher infection rates. Since then, infections have taken off in the continent’s urban areas that are better connected globally via trade and travel. From there, it has spread to smaller cities, towns, and then to rural areas, a process known as hierarchical diffusion (Moseley 2020a). Unfortunately, there is another scourge that accompanies COVID-19, and that is a global hunger pandemic. In April 2020, the director of the World Food Programme warned that an additional 130 million people could be pushed to the brink of starvation by the end of 2020 because of the coronavirus. This comes on top of the 821 million people in the world who are already food insecure (Khorsandi 2020). Increasingly, scholars of food security, food systems, and poverty have come to realize that the hunger and malnutrition associated with COVID-19 may actually kill or debilitate more people than the disease itself, especially in regions of the world with weaker social safety nets (Fanzo 2020; HLPE 2020a, 2020b; UN 2020).

Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽  
PRINCE CHIKWERE
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The quest for improved livelihoods and better education among the broader reasons cause individuals and sometimes a whole nuclear family to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Migration presents with its concerns including food security, nutrition and health. This paper reviews exclusively, though not exhaustive, studies conducted in Africa from 2010 to 2019. Google Scholar and PubMed Central were searched for studies on rural-urban migration and food (in) security and/or health and/or nutrition. Movement of humans is a cause of food insecurity. This food insecurity affects both rural households and urban households, but in different ways. Improvement in food security in the rural areas and urban areas should be done differently and not a one-fit-all approach. The population growth should be checked and significant improvements made in agriculture, in the urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Statistical Method to predict Agricultural CPI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12s3) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Wholesale Price Index ◽  
Future Prediction ◽  
The Cost

The growth of any country depends on its economy and economic growth is nothing but an increase in the inflation i.e. adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. Statisticians conventionally measure such inflation using the price indices. They are mainly WPI (Wholesale Price Index and CPI (Consumer Price Index). WPI is now known to be an older method of computation because the main focus has to be on consumer prices.CPI is a measure of consumer prices over a certain period. Changes in the CPI are used to assess price changes associated with the cost of living. It can be calculated for rural, urban areas as well as for both. In CPI rural, the workers and labourers are benefitted as their daily wages can be predicted by this approach. The CPI by state data represents the inflation of each of the states giving a concise view of the country. The data is collected and analysed using a mathematical approach called linear regression in future prediction for rural labours based on previous data.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽  
PRNCE CHIKWERE
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The quest for improved livelihoods and better education among the broader reasons cause individuals and sometimes a whole nuclear family to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Migration presents with its concerns including food security, nutrition and health. This paper reviews exclusively, though not exhaustive, studies conducted in Africa from 2010 to 2019. Google Scholar and PubMed Central were searched for studies on rural-urban migration and food (in) security and/or health and/or nutrition. Movement of humans is a cause of food insecurity. This food insecurity affects both rural households and urban households, but in different ways. Improvement in food security in the rural areas and urban areas should be done differently and not a one-fit-all approach. The population growth should be checked and significant improvements made in agriculture, in the urban and rural areas.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals Acute food insecurity and short-term coping strategies of urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic of 2020: report of a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e043365
Author(s):  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Md. Golam Rasul ◽  
Md Shabab Hossain ◽  
Ar-Rafi Khan ◽  
Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Insecure Households

IntroductionWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent and to identify the determinants of food insecurity and coping strategies in urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the month-long, COVID-19 lockdown period.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Participants106 urban and 106 rural households.Outcome variables and methodHousehold food insecurity status and the types of coping strategies were the outcome variables for the analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants.ResultsWe found that around 90% of the households were suffering from different grades of food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was higher in urban (42%) than rural (15%) households. The rural households with mild/moderate food insecurity adopted either financial (27%) or both financial and food compromised (32%) coping strategies, but 61% of urban mild/moderate food insecure households applied both forms of coping strategies. Similarly, nearly 90% of severely food insecure households implemented both types of coping strategies. Living in poorest households was significantly associated (p value <0.05) with mild/moderate (regression coefficient, β: 15.13, 95% CI 14.43 to 15.82), and severe food insecurity (β: 16.28, 95% CI 15.58 to 16.97). The statistically significant (p <0.05) determinants of both food compromised and financial coping strategies were living in urban areas (β: 1.8, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.09), living in poorest (β: 2.7, 95% CI 1 to 4.45), poorer (β: 2.6, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.4) and even in the richer (β: 1.6, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.9) households and age of the respondent (β: 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionBoth urban and rural households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity during the month-long lockdown period in Bangladesh. But, poorest, poorer and even the richer households adopted different coping strategies that might result in long-term economic and nutritional consequences.

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