Trends in the national food supply of absorbable zinc in Ethiopia: 1990–2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Samson Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
Consultative Group

Abstract Objective: This study analysed trends (1990–2017) in the availability of absorbable Zn in the national food supply of Ethiopia. Design: The supply statistics of ninety-five food groups were obtained from the Ethiopian Food Balance Sheets compiled by FAO. Zn and phytate contents were determined using multiple composition databases and absorbable Zn estimated via the ‘Miller’ equation. Estimated average requirement cut-point method was performed to estimate proportions at risk of inadequate intake. Physiological Zn requirements set by Institute of Medicine (IOM) and International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) were applied. Time trend was tested using Mann–Kendall statistics and Z-score and P-values are provided. Setting: Ethiopia. Participants: NA. Results: Between 1990 and 2017, the supply of total dietary Zn was increased by 33 % from 9·8 to 13·0 mg/person/d (Z = 6·46, P < 0·001). However, that of absorbable Zn remained constant around 2·7 mg/person/d (Z = 1·87, P > 0·05). Over the period, the phytate supply was increased by 48 % from 1415 to 2095 mg/person/d (Z = 6·50, P < 0·001) and fractional Zn absorption declined from 27·0 to 20·9 % (Z = –6·62, P < 0·001). The contribution of animal source foods for bioavailable Zn was reduced by 45 % and the share of cereals raised by 11·3 %. Over the period, prevalence of inadequate Zn intake estimated using IZiNCG and IOM requirements remained constant around 10 and 50 %, respectively. Conclusion: Between 1990 and 2017, Ethiopia considerably increased the total supply of Zn; however, meaningful changes in bioavailable Zn and prevalence of deficiency were not observed due to proportional rise in phytate and concomitant decline in Zn absorption.

scholarly journals Dietary gap assessment: an approach for evaluating whether a country’s food supply can support healthy diets at the population level

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 2277-2288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edye M Kuyper ◽  
Reina Engle-Stone ◽  
Joanne E Arsenault ◽  
Mary Arimond ◽  
Katherine P Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Healthy Diets

AbstractObjectiveDietary diversity, and in particular consumption of nutrient-rich foods including fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans and animal-source foods, is linked to greater nutrient adequacy. We developed a ‘dietary gap assessment’ to evaluate the degree to which a nation’s food supply could support healthy diets at the population level.Design/SettingIn the absence of global food-based dietary guidelines, we selected the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet as an example because there is evidence it prevents diet-related chronic disease and supports adequate micronutrient intakes. We used the DASH guidelines to shape a hypothetical ‘healthy’ diet for the test country of Cameroon. Food availability was estimated using FAO Food Balance Sheet data on country-level food supply. For each of the seven food groups in the ‘healthy’ diet, we calculated the difference between the estimated national supply (in kcal, edible portion only) and the target amounts.ResultsIn Cameroon, dairy and other animal-source foods were not adequately available to meet healthy diet recommendations: the deficit was −365 kcal (–1527 kJ)/capita per d for dairy products and −185 kcal (–774 kJ)/capita per d for meat, poultry, fish and eggs. Adequacy of fruits and vegetables depended on food group categorization. When tubers and plantains were categorized as vegetables and fruits, respectively, supply nearly met recommendations. Categorizing tubers and plantains as starchy staples resulted in pronounced supply shortfalls: −109 kcal (–457 kJ)/capita per d for fruits and −94 kcal (–393 kJ)/capita per d for vegetables.ConclusionsThe dietary gap assessment illustrates an approach for better understanding how food supply patterns need to change to achieve healthier dietary patterns.

scholarly journals A probabilistic model to evaluate population dietary recommendations

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Zaid Chalabi ◽  
Elaine Ferguson ◽  
Robert Stanley ◽  
André Briend
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Animal Source

Food-based dietary recommendations (FBR) play an essential role in promoting a healthy diet. To support the process of formulating a set of population-specific FBR, a probabilistic model was developed specifically to predict the changes in the percentage of a population at risk of inadequate nutrient intakes after the adoption of alternative sets of FBR. The model simulates the distribution of the number of servings per week from food groups or food items at baseline and after the hypothetical successful adoption of alternative sets of FBR, while ensuring that the population's energy intake distribution remains similar. The simulated changes from baseline in median nutrient intakes and the percentage of the population at risk of inadequate nutrient intakes are calculated and compared across the alternative sets of FBR. The model was illustrated using a hypothetical population of 12- to 18-month-old breast-feeding children consuming a cereal-based diet low in animal source foods.

Is participation in Care Groups associated with enhanced diet quality amongst women and children? Experiences from Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Pamela Ncube-Murakwani ◽  
Craig Nyathi ◽  
Mutsa Dzimba ◽  
Sijabulisiwe Dube ◽  
Shamiso Moyo
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Care Groups ◽  
Nutrition Practices

The Amalima program, a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace intervention, has been promoting Care Groups from 2014 to 2020 in a resource constrained setting in Zimbabwe. Care Groups are community-based peer-to-peer support groups for mothers, which provide a platform for promoting recommended maternal, infant and young nutrition practices. The researchers conducted a study to compare the quality of the diet for children and mothers participating in Care Groups and children and mothers not participating in Care Groups. The research was conducted in two districts (Gwanda and Tsholotsho) in Zimbabwe across 8 purposively selected sites, six years after project implementation began. A total of 242 children aged 6 to 23 months and 168 women beneficiaries were included in the study. We analysed consumption of the three non-staple food groups promoted by the Care Groups under the theme ‘Four Star Diet’ namely vegetables and fruits, legumes and animal source foods. Our results showed that children whose caregivers were members of Care Groups had a higher consumption of pulses and legumes (29% vs 1%; p = 0.00001), fruits and vegetables (33% vs 18%; p = 0.00104) and animal source foods (59% vs 26%; p = 0.00001) compared to children whose caregivers were not Care Group members. There was no difference in diet quality between women participating or not participating in Care groups. Efforts should be put in place to increase participation in Care Groups, as they serve as a key contact point to support recommended infant and young child nutrition practices during the first 1000 days of life. There is a need to explore barriers to Care Group participation and develop a strategy to address the barriers for non-Care Group participants. Future programs should explore the reasons behind the limited impact that Care Group attendance had on the diet quality for women.

scholarly journals Physiological Requirements for Zinc

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hambidge ◽  
Leland V. Miller ◽  
Nancy F. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Intestinal Excretion ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Consultative Group

The estimates of zinc physiological requirements by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) in 2004 were conspicuously low in comparison with those estimated by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2001. The objective of this review is to explore the reasons for this gap and to reflect on lessons learned. All estimates of inevitable losses of endogenous zinc, especially intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc, were reviewed. An error in zinc menstrual losses, as well as a minor error in the linear regression of endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) vs. total daily zinc absorption (TAZ) by IOM, were corrected. The review revealed an error by IZiNCG in selecting two data points for the linear regression of EFZ on TAZ. A second major reason for the “gap” is attributable to weighting of the data in the regression analysis by number of subjects per study by IZiNCG. Adjusting for these factors, together with use of the same reference data for body weights, resulted in satisfactory agreement between the two estimates of physiological requirements. The lessons to be learned from this review are discussed together with suggestions for future action by IOM as well as a constructive role for IZiNCG.

scholarly journals Global Inequality in National Food Supplies and Diet-related Health Outcomes, 1970–2010 (P04-094-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Bell ◽  
Keith Lividini ◽  
William Masters
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Objectives The global food system has changed rapidly over recent decades, with large shifts in agricultural supply conditions, international trade, food manufacturing and nutrient availability. These shifts have contributed to both positive and negative impacts on health and wellbeing with some countries catching up while others have fallen further below international norms. We aim to quantify long-run changes in the food supply and diet-related health disparities across countries, to illustrate how inequality has changed from the 1970 s to the 2010 s. Methods Data were drawn from publicly available sources, using food supply from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and diet-related health outcomes from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) and the Joint Monitoring Programming, a collaboration of the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and UNICEF. We used techniques from economics (Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and Pen's Parade) to generate novel visualizations and metrics for global inequality and disparities in national food supply and diet-related health outcomes across countries. Results We computed global inequality in food supplies as available dietary energy from all fruits and vegetables, all animal source foods, and all foods other than starchy staples, and inequality in diet-related outcomes such as overweight and obesity, underweight, stunting, raised blood pressure, and diabetes. Results showed greater equality in food supplies and diet-related health outcomes converging at higher prevalence levels, while stunting and underweight became more unequal and more highly concentrated in a few high-burden countries. For example, the Gini coefficient for energy from fruit and vegetables (0.36 to 0.27), energy from animal source foods (0.51 to 0.33), and overweight and obesity (0.39 to 0.27) decreased indicating greater equality, while the Gini coefficient for underweight increased (0.40 to 0.47) demonstrating greater disparity. Conclusions Convergence in availability of harmful dietary components and negative health outcomes occurred faster than convergence in beneficial nutrients and positive outcomes. This research can help to inform the design of policies and programs aimed at achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other targets for global food systems. Funding Sources Wellcome Trust.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Food Supply from 1984 to 2009 and Degree of Dietary Westernization in Taiwan with Asian Countries and World Continents

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheau-Jane Peng ◽  
Cheng-Yao Lin ◽  
How-Ran Guo
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
America South ◽  
Per Capita

Objective. To compare quality, quantity, and trends of food supply from 1984 to 2009 and degree of food westernization in Taiwan with Asian countries and world continents by using food balance data.Methods. We compiled data from food balance sheets of Taiwan and Food and Agriculture Organization, including five continents and three most populated countries each in Eastern, Southern, and Southeastern Asia over the period 1984–2009. Quantity of food supply per capita was referenced to Taiwan food guides. The population-weighted means of food supply from Europe, North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand continents in terms of energy and nutrient distributions, animal/plant sources, and sugar/alcohol contribution were used as indicators of westernization. Trends of food supply per capita of six food groups were plotted, and linear regression was applied to evaluate food changes.Findings. Taiwan’s food supply provided sufficient quantity in food energy, with the lowest cereals/roots supply and rice to wheat ratio, but the highest meat and oil supplies per capita among the 10 studied Asian countries. Taiwan food supply showed the most westernization among these countries.Conclusion. Food supply of Taiwan, although currently sufficient, indicated some security problems and high tendency of diet westernization.

scholarly journals Dietary Diversity and Child Development in the Far West of Nepal: A Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Thorne-Lyman ◽  
Merina Shrestha ◽  
Wafaie Fawzi ◽  
Monica Pasqualino ◽  
Tor Strand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Questionnaire Version ◽  
Ages And Stages Questionnaire ◽  
Specific Food

Poverty adversely affects child development through multiple pathways in low- and middle-income countries. Relationships between diet and child development are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore these associations in a longitudinal cohort of 305 children in rural Nepal (baseline mean age 14 months), evaluating dietary diversity and the consumption of specific food groups at three timepoints over 1.5 years. Child development was assessed using the Ages and Stages questionnaire-version 3 (ASQ-3). Associations between the number of days that children consumed minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (≥4/8 items) and specific food groups over time (range 0–3) and total and subscale ASQ scores at age 23–38 months were estimated using multiple linear and logistic regression, dichotomizing scores at the lowest quartile. After adjusting for confounders, each additional day of consuming MDD was associated with a 35% reduction in the odds of low total ASQ score [OR 0.65, 95% CI (0.46, 0.92)]. The consumption of animal source foods [OR 0.64, (0.46, 0.89)], and vegetables/fruits [OR 0.60, (0.41, 0.90), but not processed foods [OR 0.99, (0.62, 1.59)] was associated with lower odds of low total development. Vegetables, fruits and animal source foods may be important for child development in this setting.

scholarly journals The Complementary Roles for Plant-Source and Animal-Source Foods in Sustainable Healthy Diets

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Comerford ◽  
Gregory D. Miller ◽  
Wendy Reinhardt Kapsak ◽  
Katie A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sustainable Food Systems ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Plant Source ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Healthy Diets

There are approximately 100 countries with food-based dietary guidelines throughout the world, each of which aims to encompass the cultural, geographical, and health considerations unique to their country of origin. Common themes throughout these guides emphasize diverse and balanced intake of food groups from both plant- and animal-sources. With the globally recognized need to shift to more sustainable food systems, several countries and international food and health organizations have begun to incorporate sustainability recommendations into their dietary guidance. These sustainability recommendations are often based on food source (i.e., eat more plant-source and fewer animal-source foods), yet food source may not be the only useful or informative comparator for assessing healthy and sustainable diets. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the roles of plant-source foods and animal-source foods in the context of sustainable healthy diets—with an emphasis on the contributions of the most commonly recommended food groups from global food-based dietary guidelines (i.e., fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods). Overall, plant and animal agriculture have complementary and symbiotic roles in healthy and sustainable food systems, and these abilities are largely dependent on various contextual factors (e.g., geography, production practices, processing methods, consumption patterns)—not just on whether the food originated from the plant or animal kingdom.

scholarly journals Cash transfers and child nutritional outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e003621
Author(s):  
James Manley ◽  
Yarlini Balarajan ◽  
Shahira Malm ◽  
Luke Harman ◽  
Jessica Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCash transfer (CT) programmes are implemented widely to alleviate poverty and provide safety nets to vulnerable households with children. However, evidence on the effects of CTs on child health and nutrition outcomes has been mixed. We systematically reviewed evidence of the impact of CTs on child nutritional status and selected proximate determinants.MethodsWe searched articles published between January 1997 and September 2018 using Agris, Econlit, Eldis, IBSS, IDEAS, IFPRI, Google Scholar, PubMed and World Bank databases. We included studies using quantitative impact evaluation methods of CTs with sample sizes over 300, targeted to households with children under 5 years old conducted in countries with gross domestic product per capita below US$10 000 at baseline. We conducted meta-analysis using random-effects models to assess the impact of CT programmes on selected child nutrition outcomes and meta-regression analysis to examine the association of programme characteristics with effect sizes.ResultsOut of 2862 articles identified, 74 articles were eligible for inclusion. We find that CTs have significant effects of 0.03±0.03 on height-for-age z-scores (p<0.03) and a decrease of 2.1% in stunting (95% CI −3.5% to −0.7%); consumption of animal-source foods (4.5%, 95% CI 2.9% to 6.0%); dietary diversity (0.73, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.19) and diarrhoea incidence (−2.7%, 95% CI −5.4% to −0.0%; p<0.05). The effects of CTs on weight-for-age z-scores and wasting were not significant (0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.08; p<0.42) and (1.2%, 95% CI: −0.1% to 2.5%; p<0.07), respectively. We found that specific programme characteristics differentially modified the effect on the nutrition outcomes studied.ConclusionWe found that CT programmes targeted to households with young children improved linear growth and contributed to reduced stunting. We found that the likely pathways were through increased dietary diversity, including through the increased consumption of animal-source foods and reduced incidence of diarrhoea. With heightened interest in nutrition-responsive social protection programmes to improve child nutrition, we make recommendations to inform the design and implementation of future programmes.

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