scholarly journals A Comparison of Food Supply from 1984 to 2009 and Degree of Dietary Westernization in Taiwan with Asian Countries and World Continents

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheau-Jane Peng ◽  
Cheng-Yao Lin ◽  
How-Ran Guo
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
America South ◽  
Per Capita

Objective. To compare quality, quantity, and trends of food supply from 1984 to 2009 and degree of food westernization in Taiwan with Asian countries and world continents by using food balance data.Methods. We compiled data from food balance sheets of Taiwan and Food and Agriculture Organization, including five continents and three most populated countries each in Eastern, Southern, and Southeastern Asia over the period 1984–2009. Quantity of food supply per capita was referenced to Taiwan food guides. The population-weighted means of food supply from Europe, North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand continents in terms of energy and nutrient distributions, animal/plant sources, and sugar/alcohol contribution were used as indicators of westernization. Trends of food supply per capita of six food groups were plotted, and linear regression was applied to evaluate food changes.Findings. Taiwan’s food supply provided sufficient quantity in food energy, with the lowest cereals/roots supply and rice to wheat ratio, but the highest meat and oil supplies per capita among the 10 studied Asian countries. Taiwan food supply showed the most westernization among these countries.Conclusion. Food supply of Taiwan, although currently sufficient, indicated some security problems and high tendency of diet westernization.

Trends in the national food supply of absorbable zinc in Ethiopia: 1990–2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Samson Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
Consultative Group

Abstract Objective: This study analysed trends (1990–2017) in the availability of absorbable Zn in the national food supply of Ethiopia. Design: The supply statistics of ninety-five food groups were obtained from the Ethiopian Food Balance Sheets compiled by FAO. Zn and phytate contents were determined using multiple composition databases and absorbable Zn estimated via the ‘Miller’ equation. Estimated average requirement cut-point method was performed to estimate proportions at risk of inadequate intake. Physiological Zn requirements set by Institute of Medicine (IOM) and International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) were applied. Time trend was tested using Mann–Kendall statistics and Z-score and P-values are provided. Setting: Ethiopia. Participants: NA. Results: Between 1990 and 2017, the supply of total dietary Zn was increased by 33 % from 9·8 to 13·0 mg/person/d (Z = 6·46, P < 0·001). However, that of absorbable Zn remained constant around 2·7 mg/person/d (Z = 1·87, P > 0·05). Over the period, the phytate supply was increased by 48 % from 1415 to 2095 mg/person/d (Z = 6·50, P < 0·001) and fractional Zn absorption declined from 27·0 to 20·9 % (Z = –6·62, P < 0·001). The contribution of animal source foods for bioavailable Zn was reduced by 45 % and the share of cereals raised by 11·3 %. Over the period, prevalence of inadequate Zn intake estimated using IZiNCG and IOM requirements remained constant around 10 and 50 %, respectively. Conclusion: Between 1990 and 2017, Ethiopia considerably increased the total supply of Zn; however, meaningful changes in bioavailable Zn and prevalence of deficiency were not observed due to proportional rise in phytate and concomitant decline in Zn absorption.

Household Income and Expenditure Surveys: A Tool for Accelerating the Development of Evidence-Based Fortification Programs

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Fiedler ◽  
Marc-Francois Smitz ◽  
Olivier Dupriez ◽  
Jed Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Food Consumption Data

Background One-third of the world's population suffers from micronutrient deficiencies due primarily to inadequate dietary intake. Food fortification is often touted as the most promising short- to medium-term strategy for combating these deficiencies. Despite its appealing characteristics, progress in fortification has been slow. Objective To assess the potential of household food-purchase data to fill the food-consumption information gap, which has been an important factor contributing to the slow growth of fortification programs. Methods Household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data about: (a) a population's distribution of apparent household consumption, which are essential to setting safe fortification levels, (b) the proportion of households purchasing “fortifiable” food, and (c) the quantity of food being purchased were used to proxy food-consumption data and develop suggested fortification levels. Results The usefulness of the approach in addressing several common fortification program design issues is demonstrated. HIES-based suggested fortification levels are juxtaposed with ones developed using the most common current approach, which relies upon Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Balance Sheets. Conclusions Despite its limitations, the use of HIES data constitutes a generally unexploited opportunity to address the food-consumption information gap by using survey data that nearly every country of the world is already routinely collecting. HIES data enable the design of fortification programs to become more based on country-specific data and less on general rules of thumb. The more routine use of HIES data constitutes a first step in improving the precision of fortification feasibility analyses and improving estimates of the coverage, costs, and impact of fortification programs.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

scholarly journals FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN UZBEKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.I Khamidov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Since January 2020, the world faced one of the largest outbreaks of human history that coronavirus (Covid-19) began spreading among countries across the globe. Plenty of research institutes developed insights and estimations regarding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on agriculture and food security system. The UN estimations indicate that more than 132 million people around the world may have hunger due to the economic recession as a result of the pandemic. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is pushing forward the strategies in order for increasing food supply in developing countries and providing assistance to food producers and suppliers. World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the pandemic may not finish by the end of 2020 and countries should be prepared for longer effects within 2021. In this regard, ensuring food security as well as sufficient food supply would be one of the crucial aspects of policy functions in developing countries.

scholarly journals Scarce Water Resources and Cereal Import Dependency: The Role of Integrated Water Resources Management

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1750
Author(s):  
Bente Castro Campos ◽  
Yanjun Ren ◽  
Jens-Peter Loy
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Predictor Model ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Water Scarce

This study globally analyzes the nonlinear relationship between cereal import dependency and total renewable water resources per capita by testing for potential thresholds in water resources. Data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and consider the years of 2002, 2007, and 2012. The results show evident ceiling effects with a threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year) in the multiple predictor model. Above this value, the total renewable water resources per capita no longer have a considerable effect on cereal import dependency. Importantly, we found that if integrated water resource management improves, cereal import dependency will increase for countries with total renewable water resources per capita between 1588 m3/(capita/year) and 5000 m3/(capita/year), but not for countries below or equal to the threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year). Water-scarce countries above the threshold use cereal imports as a coping strategy to save limited national water resources. This strategy might be suggested to extremely water-scarce countries below the threshold to increase their water use efficiency. Global solidarity of grain exporters with water-scarce countries is required to guarantee their food security, while water-scarce countries need to overcome their skepticism of foreign dominance through food imports.

scholarly journals Does reducing food losses and wastes in sub-Saharan Africa make economic sense?

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerta Aragie ◽  
Jean Balié ◽  
Cristian MoralesOpazo
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food Requirement ◽  
Food Losses ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

Reducing food losses and waste (FLW) is one of the sustainable ways of closing the food requirement gap in developing countries. However, there is not yet adequate knowledge on the extent of FLW by commodity type and stage of the food supply chain (FSC). Focusing on ten agrarian countries in Africa and building mainly on the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Food Balance Sheets (FBSs), this study generates some new insights on the level of FLW by country, FSC and food type. Across the FSC, we find that these countries lose a cumulative amount equivalent to 28% (641 kilocalories per capita per day – kcal/cap/day) of the current calorie intake. Within the FSC, the production and post-harvest handling stages contribute the greater shares of the total losses with 38% or 244 kcal/cap/day and 34% or 218 kcal/cap/day, respectively. Our results also show that farm incomes would increase by 20% if the avoidable losses and waste were recovered. These results are troublesome given the level of poverty and food insecurity in these countries and suggest inefficient and unsustainable use of natural resources (water and cropland) associated with the FSC losses.

scholarly journals Trends in food availability determined by the Food and Agriculture Organization's food balance sheets in Mediterranean Europe in comparison with other European areas

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Balanza ◽  
Pilar García-Lorda ◽  
Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo ◽  
Javier Aranceta ◽  
Mònica Bulló Bonet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Mediterranean Europe

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of this study were to assess the changes that have occurred in food patterns in Europe over the last 40 years based on food availability data and to compare the stability of the traditional Mediterranean diet in the south of Europe in this period.DesignAn ecological study carried out on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets for three geographical areas of Europe (Mediterranean, north and east) over two time periods: 1961–1963 and 1998–2000. The average availability of total energy, energy provided from macronutrients and food groups was calculated for each area and each period studied.ResultsOver the last 40 years total energy availability and energy availability from lipids have increased considerably in the three European areas, while the percentage of energy from carbohydrates has fallen. The greatest changes have occurred in Mediterranean Europe, with an increase of 20.1% in total energy availability, an increase of 48.1% in energy availability from lipids and a fall of 20.5% from carbohydrates. Moreover, Mediterranean Europe showed a significant fall in the energy supplied by cereals (29.9%) and wine (55.2%), while the contribution of milk (77.8%) and dairy products (23.6%) increased.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that European Mediterranean countries should take nutrition policy action to maintain their traditional healthy food pattern, with a cultural added value. This implies actions at all levels, including raising awareness of consumers, collaboration with the food sector and a call to set the agenda of the concerned politicians and stakeholders.

scholarly journals The potential role of protein leverage in the US obesity epidemic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D Hall
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Us ◽  
United Nations Food

The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein content of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake to maintain an absolute amount of protein consumed. Increased energy intake thereby results in weight gain. According to data from food balance sheets from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% due to greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Surprisingly, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Determination and Characterization of Women, Infants, and Young Children's Dietary Diversity in Agricultural Mitigation Period of Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ousmane Ouedraogo ◽  
Ella WR Compaore ◽  
Sabiba KE Amouzou ◽  
Augustin N Zeba ◽  
Mamoudou H Dicko
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Backgroun: The increasing variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients and promotes good health. The main objective was to determine the diet quality of women, infants, and young children in agricultural mitigation period of Burkina Faso. Methods: A 24-h dietary open recall was used to collect all foods taken by women, infants, and young children in Centre-West region of Burkina Faso. The dietary diversity (DD) score was equal to the number of consumed food groups for infants (6-23 months) according to WHO recommendations and for women and young children (24-59 months) according to food and agriculture organization (FAO). Three DD classes were determined for the individual average DD. For each DD class, food consumption profile was determined by food items or groups consumed by at least 50 percent of women, infants, and young children according to FAO guide. Results: The study was conducted among 971 women, 419 infants, and 189 young children. Regarding the dietary diversity score (DDS), 16.3, 39.2, and 44.5 percent of women and 12.7, 49.7, and 37.6 percent of young children had low (< 5), average (= 5), and high (> 5) rates, respectively. Furthermore, DDS was low (< 4), average (= 4) and high (> 4) in 22.9, 12.6, and 64.4 of infants, respectively. The consumption rates of roots/tubers, dairy products, eggs, and fruits were very low regardless of the women, infants, and young children DDS in times of agricultural mitigation. Conclusion: The diet of women and young children was a little more diversified compared to infants.   

scholarly journals The Influence of Global Trade in National Food Systems: A Dynamic Network Analysis, 1986–2013 (OR16-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Sarti ◽  
Murilo Silvestrini
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study was to assess the evolution in international food trade relationships among countries during the period from 1986 until 2013, according to income groups, in order to analyze the contribution of global commerce to nutrition patterns in diverse populations worldwide. Methods Longitudinal study based on the analysis of food trade among countries, using datasets publicly available from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The information on food items imported from each country to another partner country were converted into calories per capita per year, considering only edible parts, allowing the aggregation of annual food trade flows for identification of contributions from international food systems to each country, categorized according to income level classification of the World Bank. The dataset was organized in pairs of countries linked by food commerce to build the graph of food trade network for each year and to provide information on the dynamics of the network during the period analyzed, considering that countries were nodes and food trade connections were edges. Results The dynamics of the global trade indicates intense growth in calories obtained from commerce among countries (from ∼1124 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼2826 kcal in 2013), especially in low (+142.6%) and lower-middle income countries (+277.9%). However, major part of the calories traded among countries were concentrated among high income countries (from ∼2260 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼4651 kcal in 2013). The evolution of international food trade network showed increase in graph density (from 0.164 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), and degree (from 25,365 in 1986 to 56,503 in 2013); nevertheless, there was relatively stable modularity (from 0.254 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), indicating intensification of calories traded among countries in the period, within similar patterns of commercial networks. Conclusions Information on networks connections along the period analyzed allowed indicating the role of global commerce on food situation of countries worldwide. There was increasing influence of global trade in national food systems during the last three decades; though inequalities remain regarding contributions from countries in different income levels. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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