scholarly journals Family structure and affluence in adolescent eating behaviour: a cross-national study in forty-one countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Apolinaras Zaborskis ◽  
Monika Grincaitė ◽  
Aistė Kavaliauskienė ◽  
Riki Tesler
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
National Level ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
National Study ◽  
Family Affluence ◽  
Intact Family ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Objective: To investigate the family structure and affluence-related inequality in adolescent eating behaviour. Design: Multivariate binary logistic regression and path analyses were employed to evaluate the impact of family structure and affluence on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets and soft drinks among adolescents. Setting: The cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study in 2013/2014 across forty-one countries. Participants: Adolescents aged 11–15 years old (n 192 755). Results: Adolescents from a non-intact family were less likely to eat daily fruits (OR 0·82; 95 % CI 0·80, 0·84), vegetables (OR 0·91; 95 % CI 0·89, 0·93) and sweets (OR 0·96; 95 % CI 0·94, 0·99), but were more likely to consume soft drinks (OR 1·14; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·17), compared with their counterparts from an intact family. Adolescents who had the lowest family affluence scores (FAS) were less likely to eat daily fruits (OR 0·51; 95 % CI 0·49, 0·53), vegetables (OR 0·58; 95 % CI 0·56, 0·60) and sweets (OR 0·94; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·97), but were more likely to consume soft drinks (OR 1·25; 95 % CI 1·20, 1·30), compared with their counterparts who had the highest FAS. Across countries, a wide range of social inequality in daily consumption of foods was observed. Conclusions: Among adolescents in Europe, Canada and Israel, there was a high level of family structure and family affluence inequalities in daily food consumption. Different aspects of family socio-economic circumstances should be considered at the national level designing effective interventions to promote healthy eating among adolescents.

scholarly journals A Cross-National Study of Dementia Stigma Among the General Public in Israel and Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Perla Werner ◽  
Sarang Kim
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
National Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Background: Despite the increasing amount of research on dementia stigma, there is a dearth of cross-national studies conducted on this subject. This is surprising since the experience of stigma is closely associated to socio-cultural aspects. Objective: The present study intended to expand knowledge about the impact of culture on dementia stigma by comparing the level and correlates of stigmatic beliefs about dementia among the general public in Israel and Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted with two age-matched samples: 447 adults in Israel and 290 adults in Australia. Results: Overall, dementia stigma was moderate in both countries. However, the level of dementia stigma was significantly higher in Australia than in Israel. Lower levels of subjective knowledge and higher levels of ageism were associated with increased levels of stigmatic beliefs in both countries. Gender was a significant correlate of dementia stigma, with male participants reporting higher levels of public stigma than women, although this gender difference was mainly driven by the Australian sample. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that providing knowledge and decreasing ageist attitudes should be key considerations in dementia awareness and stigma reduction campaigns despite the cultural context. In addition, developing gender-specific messages should be considered as a way of improving the effects of such campaigns.

The EU as an “enforcement patchwork”: the impact of national enforcement for compliance with EU water law in Spain and Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica García Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

How Mothers and Fathers Share Childcare

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Craig ◽  
Killian Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
National Study ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers’ and fathers’ relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers’ and fathers’ work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics.

scholarly journals Global and regional impacts of land cover changes on isoprene emissions derived from spaceborne data and the MEGAN model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Opacka ◽  
Jean-François Müller ◽  
Trissevgeni Stavrakou ◽  
Maite Bauwens ◽  
Katerina Sindelarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
National Level ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Among the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plant foliage, isoprene is by far the most important in terms of both global emission and atmospheric impact. It is highly reactive in the air, and its degradation favours the generation of ozone (in presence of NOx) and secondary organic aerosols. A critical aspect of BVOC emission modelling is the representation of land use and land cover (LULC). The current emission inventories are usually based on land cover maps that are either modelled and dynamic or satellite-based and static. In this study, we use the state-of-the-art MEGAN model coupled with the canopy model MOHYCAN to generate and evaluate emission inventories relying on satellite-based LULC maps at annual time steps. To this purpose, we first intercompare the distribution and evolution (2001–2016) of tree coverage from three global satellite-based datasets, MODIS, ESA CCI-Land Cover (ESA CCI-LC) and the Global Forest Watch (GFW), and from national inventories. Substantial differences are found between the datasets, e.g. the global areal coverage of trees ranges from 30 to 50 Mkm2, with trends spanning from −0.26 % yr−1 to +0.03 % yr−1 between 2001 and 2016. At national level, the increasing trends in forest cover reported by some national inventories (in particular for the US) are contradicted by all remotely-sensed datasets. Three inventories of isoprene emissions are generated, differing only in their LULC datasets used as input: (i) the static distribution of the stand-alone version of MEGAN, (ii) the time-dependent MODIS land cover dataset, and (iii) the MODIS dataset modified to match the tree cover distribution from the GFW database. The mean annual isoprene emissions (350–520 Tg yr−1) span a wide range due to differences in tree distributions, especially in isoprene-rich regions. The impact of LULC changes is a mitigating effect ranging from 0.04 to 0.33 % yr−1 on the positive trends (0.94 % yr−1) mainly driven by temperature and solar radiation. This study highlights the uncertainty in spatial distributions and temporal variability of isoprene associated to remotely-sensed LULC datasets. The interannual variability of the emissions is evaluated against spaceborne observations of formaldehyde (HCHO), a major isoprene oxidation product, through simulations using the global chemistry-transport model (CTM) IMAGESv2. A high correlation (R > 0.8) is found between the observed and simulated interannual variability of HCHO columns in most forested regions. The implementation of LULC change has little impact on this correlation, due to the dominance of meteorology as driver of short-term interannual variability. Nevertheless, the simulation accounting for the large tree cover declines of the GFW database over several regions, notably Indonesia and Mato Grosso in Brazil, provides the best agreement with the HCHO column trends observed by OMI. Overall, our study indicates that the continuous tree cover fields at fine resolution provided by the GFW database are our preferred choice for constraining LULC (in combination with discrete LULC maps such as those of MODIS) in biogenic isoprene emission models.

scholarly journals Perceived Trust in Public Authorities Nine Months after the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Daicia Price ◽  
Tore Bonsaksen ◽  
Mary Ruffolo ◽  
Janni Leung ◽  
Vivian Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
National Study ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Perceived Trust ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

This study aimed to examine the perceived trust in information provided by public authorities and financial measures put in place to address the impact of COVID-19. Using a cross-national approach among four Western countries—the United States of America, Norway, Australia, and the United Kingdom—provides an analysis of responses related to trust and how they were associated with age group, gender, education level, employment status, size of place of residence, infection status, and social media use. When controlling for all included variables in logistic regression analyses, the likelihood of having trust in the public authorities’ information was higher for women, those with higher levels of education, and those living in urban areas. Being infected with the coronavirus, and spending more time daily on social media, were both associated with lower likelihood of reporting trust in information. Although policies implemented to respond to economic concerns varied cross-nationally, higher age, identifying as female, being employed, living in a city, no COVID-19 infection experience and lower levels of social media usage were associated with a higher likelihood of trusting in the financial measures put in place to counteract the economic effects of COVID-19.

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