scholarly journals Disentangling the relationship between sociotropic and egotropic trade attitudes: A survey experiment in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPublic support for protection is typically attributed to economic self-interest. Beyond pocketbook anxieties, a competing approach, however, contends that sociotropic attitudes dictate foreign policy preferences. Researchers, however, have faced difficulty in disentangling sociotropic attitudes from pocketbook concerns in observational studies. This article addresses this problem by utilizing a priming experiment to examine the relationship between socio and egotropic attitudes. In line with the predictions of the sociotropic framework, individuals are less certain about the egotropic effects of trade and sociotropic attitudes are found to influence egotropic perceptions by reducing uncertainty about the pocketbook effects of trade. In contrast, the study fails to find support for the hypothesis that individuals project egotropic concerns onto societal evaluations. The results of the study suggest that future research should pay careful consideration to the relationship between socio and egotropic attitudes when modeling and analyzing trade-policy preferences.

Do ethical climates impact trust in management? A study in Indian context

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ethical Climates ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Trust In Management ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of ethical climate types on trust in management using Victor and Cullen’s framework, which is based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development and Gouldner’s sociocultural theory of organizations. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 270 employees from 10 organizations in India was used to investigate the specific relationships between ethical climate types and trust in management. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the different types of ethical climates existing in the organizations. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between ethical climates and trust in management. Findings It was found that ethical climates characterized by caring, laws and codes, and rules and procedures are significant predictors of trust in management. However, no support was obtained for any impact of ethical climates emphasizing company profit, self-interest or independence on trust in management. Research/limitations implications Future research should examine trust in management as a mediating or moderating variable in the relationship between ethical climates and other organizational variables such as commitment, citizenship behaviour or productivity. Additionally, research could also examine different cultural and organizational contexts in testing out these relationships. The role of other constructs such as personality of supervisors and ethical sensitivity in developing trust in management may also been investigated. Practical implications Organizations should try to develop climates based on caring and also emphasize adherence to laws and codes as well as rules and procedures to enhance trust in the management. Originality/value The findings of the study are unique and original because literature examining ethical climates and trust is scarce, and this is the first study to explore how ethical climates can impact trust in management in the Indian context. In particular, the results are unique for. Contrary to expectations, no negative impact of climates of self-interest, company interest and independence on trust in management could be seen in this study. The results throw open new directions to theory building on ethical climates and trust in the Indian context.

scholarly journals Policy preferences in a post-war environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801877993
Author(s):  
Dino Hadzic
Keyword(s):  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large N ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Can reminders of violence committed in the past influence citizens’ policy preferences in the present? Prior work has found that under the threat of violence individuals prioritize safety and adopt policy views aimed at reducing the threat. Elites can then strategically employ concerns over personal safety and security to shape the public’s preferences. I contribute to this literature by conducting an exploratory study of whether invocations of violence committed in the past shape preferences in the long-term, years after the actual violence has ended. To do so, I fielded an experiment on a large ( N = 1125) and nationally representative sample of respondents in Bosnia, the site of a major ethnic civil war in 1992–1995. I did not find evidence that reminders of wartime violence in and of themselves affect policy preferences. Ultimately, this study represents a first cut at a neglected question in the literature and has implications that could motivate future research on the relationship between violent conflict and policy preferences.

Nationalism, Patriotism and Foreign Policy Attitudes among Chinese University Students

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 1045-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Sinkkonen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
University Students ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Chinese University Students ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Foreign Policy Attitudes

AbstractDoes empirical evidence support treating “nationalism” and “patriotism” as separate concepts in China and is there a relationship between strong nationalist/patriotic attitudes and foreign policy preferences? To analyse the construction of Chinese national identity, Chinese university students (N = 1346) took part in a survey in Beijing in spring 2007. The data supported the assumption of a conceptual separation between nationalism and patriotism. CCP members and students from rural backgrounds were more nationalistic than non-members and students with urban upbringings. Moreover, nationalism had a stronger link to foreign policy preferences than patriotism, and respondents with a greater degree of nationalism were less likely to favour international cooperation and more likely to prefer protectionist policies. The associations of nationalism and patriotism with foreign policy attitudes, and the contribution of other potential explanatory factors to the relationship between nationalism, patriotism and policy attitudes were explored with linear regression models.

Voters and Foreign Policy: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Clary ◽  
Niloufer Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Candidate Preference ◽  
Voter Choice ◽  
Conjoint Experiment

Abstract How much weight do voters place on foreign policy when deciding between electoral candidates? In traditional surveys in Pakistan, the vast majority of respondents identify India as an enemy and threat to Pakistan. What these studies do not assess is whether these beliefs affect voter preferences. Using a conjoint survey experiment conducted among 1,990 respondents in Pakistan, we find that respondents punish hypothetical politicians who advocate a friendly policy toward India, but only modestly. Candidate attitudes toward India were the least meaningful characteristic for voter choice among five characteristics tested, suggesting that attitudinal measurements of salience poorly predict candidate preference. Subgroup results are also instructive: younger and more educated respondents and those from Pakistan's largest province of Punjab were less likely to punish dovish politicians. We discuss implications of these findings and outline avenues for future research.

scholarly journals The Influence of Academic Emotions on Learning Effects: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9678
Author(s):  
Jing Tan ◽  
Jie Mao ◽  
Yizhang Jiang ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Academic Emotions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Academic emotions can have different influences on learning effects, but these have not been systematically studied. In this paper, we objectively evaluate the influence of various academic emotions on learning effects and studied the relationship between positive and negative academic emotions and learning effects by using five electronic databases, including WOS, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. According to established standards, a total of 14 articles from 506 articles were included in the analysis. We divided the 14 studies into nine intervention studies and five observational studies; five of the nine intervention studies found that students who used active learning materials performed better and had higher mental loads than those who used neutral learning materials. Positive academic emotions promoted the learning effect. Four of the five observational studies with high school, college, and postgraduate participants reported that regulating academic emotions can improve learning effects. In conclusion, this paper holds that positive academic emotions are better than negative academic emotions at improving academic performance. In future research, a new method combining multichannel video observation, physiological data, and facial expression data is proposed to capture learners’ learning behavior in various learning environments.

Power and National Capability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Crisher
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Relationship

Power is a crucial concept for international relations scholars. Of particular importance for those interested in understanding foreign policy is knowing how power manifests as national capabilities. Understanding the relationship between power and capabilities allows for comparison and contrast of the various foreign policy tools leaders have at their disposal as they attempt to achieve their goals. Despite the importance of power, scholars still debate the best means for conceptualizing and operationalizing the concept. The all-encompassing nature of power makes it difficult to focus on a single characteristic. This article focuses on three main aspects of power: military, economic, and soft power. Each section gives an overview into the current state of research into the various aspects of power. The discussion on military power emphasizes operationalizing military might and issues with innovation. The section on economics focuses on economics as a source of power and a tool for coercion. Finally, the last section focuses on noncoercive aspects of power, better known as soft power. The article ends with some suggestions for future research.

Economic self-interest, information, and trade policy preferences: evidence from an experiment in Tunisia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaney Jamal ◽  
Helen V. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Self Interest

Escaping the Curse of Economic Self-interest: An Individual-level Analysis of Public Support for the Welfare State in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKANORI SUMINO
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Support ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractDespite the general consensus that individualistic utility-optimising behaviour reduces popular support for the welfare state, we still know little about how and to what extent such negative effects of self-interested calculus are mediated by other attitudinal factors, particularly solidaristic values and principles. Using individual-level data from the Japanese General Social Survey, this study seeks not only to qualify existing findings on welfare preference formation but also to explore the hypothesis that the negative impact of economic self-interest is offset or moderated by solidarity-oriented values and beliefs. The author finds that the oft-made claim that material interest and individualistic ideologies undermine welfare support can be replicated in the context of Japan. The results also provide evidence in support of the liberal nationalist contention that popular discourse on welfare is significantly directed by a sense of national unity. Data from Japan also elucidate the fact that a strong sense of social trust significantly weakens the salience of self-oriented cost–benefit calculations. These findings suggest that solidarity-related variables such as national identity and interpersonal trustworthiness should receive more attention in future research on welfare attitudes.

scholarly journals Crises and social policy preferences: The impact of Covid-19 in Britain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Neundorf ◽  
Sergi Pardos-Prado
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Welfare Attitudes ◽  
Unemployment And Health ◽  
The Impact

Do crises substantially change public support for taxes and spending, and why? We leverage the multifaceted character of the Covid-19 pandemic to test different theoretical micro-mechanisms usually confounded in observational research, or tested in isolation. Our randomized survey experiment provides four main findings. First, the economic and health dimensions of the crisis generated a substantial left-wing turn among the British public. Second, the effects are stronger on spending priorities (unemployment and health policies) than on who should pay for the welfare bill (progressivity of income and wealth taxes). Third, economic self-interested motivations are not relevant mechanisms to explain our findings. Fourth, framings associated with open borders and the global spread of the virus polarized welfare attitudes along immigration policy preferences. The generalizability of our findings, the prospects of redistributive conflicts after Covid, and the validity of established theories of welfare preferences in times of crisis are discussed.

Self-interest, partisanship, and the conditional influence of taxation on support for war in the USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Kriner ◽  
Breanna Lechase ◽  
Rosella Cappella Zielinski
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual

Does the imposition of taxation inevitably erode public support for war? Through a pair of survey experiments we show that whether a war tax decreases public support for military action critically depends on the design of the taxation instrument itself. Broad-based, regressive taxes decrease support for war; progressive taxes targeted on the wealthy do not. We also uncover the mechanisms through which Americans incorporate information about war taxation into their wartime policy preferences. Economic self-interest, alone, cannot explain the individual-level variation in reactions to war taxation. Rather, Americans assess war taxation both through the lens of economic self-interest and by using partisan heuristics. The negative effect of taxation on war support is both conditional on the design of the taxation instrument and variable across segments of the public.

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