scholarly journals Leveling the Playing Field: Industrial Policy and Export-Contingent Subsidies in India–Export Related Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Swati Dhingra ◽  
Timothy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Enforcement Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices

Abstract In India–Export Related Measures, the United States challenged a range of Indian measures as prohibited export-contingent subsidies, and a WTO panel largely agreed. This article examines the factors at play in the United States’ decision to bring the challenge. At the level of policy, the United States case reflects India's graduation from the protections afforded developing nations’ export-contingent subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. A closer examination, however, shows that India ramped up its export-contingent subsidies just as the SCM Agreement required it to wind those subsidies down. Moreover, the expanded Indian subsidies led to increased import competition with the politically influential metals and pharmaceutical sectors in the United States, which pushed the US challenge. We reflect on the larger implications of the challenge for the future of trade rules on industrial policy. In particular, we note that the United States pursued a trade enforcement policy that would have the effect of increasing pharmaceutical prices in the United States, by reducing subsidies for imported generic drugs, at a time when the Trump administration allegedly was trying to reduce the price of prescription drugs. This disconnect suggests the need for both greater transparency in trade policy and greater governmental coordination on the connection between trade policy and other policy priorities.

scholarly journals Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Marta Makowska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Law ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

scholarly journals From Dreams to Reality: The Evolution of Anglo-Canadian Trade During the Diefenbaker Era

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us

Abstract The articulated foreign economic policy of the Conservative government of John Diefenbaker following its election in June 1957 was to redirect trade away from the United States and toward the United Kingdom. This policy reflected Diefenbaker's almost religious attachment to the Commonwealth and to Britain, as well as his abiding suspicion of continentalism. However, from these brave beginnings, Conservative trade policy ended up pretty much where the Liberals had been before their 1957 defeat-increasingly reliant on the US market for Canada's domestic prosperity. This was a result partly of the normal development of trade between the two North American countries, but it also reflected Diefenbaker's growing realisation of the market differences between Canada and the United Kingdom, and the impossibility of enhancing the flow of Canadian exports to Britain.

scholarly journals Generic Drugs Not as Safe as FDA Wants You to Believe

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Michael White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Generic Products

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules for the production of prescription drugs are very rigorous and, if followed, guarantees a safe drug supply. For many years, foreign manufacturers have produced substandard generic products and active pharmaceutical ingredients and shipped them into the United States. If the FDA had inspected them with the same rigor as they do domestic manufacturers, they would have found many of these egregious deviations from ethical manufacturing much earlier. Although the FDA is finally stepping up the number of inspections, their current processes still rely on preannounced inspections with long time horizons, so quality issues can be temporarily corrected and documents altered or destroyed.

Part II The Transatlantic Dialogue, 4 The Parallel System—The United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Cally
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parallel System ◽  
Securities Regulation ◽  
International Capital Markets ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
International Aspects

This chapter evaluates securities regulation in the United States. For a variety of reasons, domestic US securities regulation has served as a model to the world, either directly or through its influence in international standard setting. The parallel system, however, has not been exported and so remains a somewhat unique aspect of US law, and based on the concept of the foreign private issuer (FPI), appears firmly entrenched. Going forward, it is possible that the domestic and international aspects of US markets may become more integrated, or at least coordinated. Calls for greater EU-style deference to home country regulation for non-US issuers and market participants would certainly simplify, and perhaps undermine, the US parallel system. There is no doubt as to the decline of US hegemony in regulation of international capital markets. Within the United States, level playing field arguments continue to surface, sometimes in surprising ways.

scholarly journals Predictably Unpredictable Trade Policy – the United States versus All Others

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. DMITRIEV
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Import Restrictions

The article explores the Trump administration’s trade policy,  characterized by: attempts to rewrite the rules of international trade  according to the regulations established by the American side, “skepticism” with respect to the international regulatory  institutions of foreign trade, a course on the renegotiation of the  existing agreements. In a relationship with a number of countries,  manifestations of “ultimatizm” – the desire to negotiate with them from a position of strength are becoming increasingly evident.  Relapses of economic isolationism under the slogan “Restore the Greatness of America” periodically are being transformed into  concrete protectionist actions. The number of imposed import restrictions is growing, and their arsenal is expanding. It is  concluded, that tightening of the market access to the domestic  market for foreign suppliers is unlikely to lead to a significant  reduction in the US trade deficit. Bet on abandoning multilateral  arrangements in favor of bilateral trade agreements, conscious  downplaying of the role and importance of the WTO and other  international institutions can also be counterproductive. Focus on  dominance in the sphere of foreign economic activity apparently will remain the main direction of Trump trade policy until the end of the  term of his administration. However, under pressure from competitors, and because of the lack of real allies, the United States  will be forced to demonstrate greater flexibility and pragmatism, the  propensity to compromise and to establishment of temporary or  permanent blocs with their main trading partners. The idea of  “normality”, refraining from populism, will gradually begin to return  to the trade policy of this country. If, however the Trump  government will continue to act in isolation, without taking into  account the opinion of the world community, an increasing number  of partners of the United States will perceive it not as a leader, but as a violator of the rules of international trade. Under certain  circumstances, such a policy can provoke local and global trade  conflicts. In addition, the United States not necessarily will have to be the winner in them.

scholarly journals The unintended consequences of US immigration enforcement policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. e2103000118
Author(s):  
Emily Ryo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Immigration Enforcement ◽  
Immigration Detention ◽  
Enforcement Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Enforcement Policies ◽  
Us Immigration

US immigration enforcement policy seeks to change the behaviors and views of not only individuals in the United States but also those of prospective migrants outside the United States. Yet we still know relatively little about the behavioral and attitudinal effects of US enforcement policy on the population abroad. This study uses a randomized experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey that was administered in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico to analyze the effects of US deterrence policies on individuals’ migration intentions and their attitudes toward the US immigration system. The two policies that the current study examines are immigration detention and nonjudicial removals. The survey results provide no evidence that a heightened awareness of these US immigration enforcement policies affects individuals’ intentions to migrate to the United States. But heightened awareness about the widespread use of immigration detention in the United States does negatively impact individuals’ assessments about the procedural and outcome fairness of the US immigration system. These findings suggest that immigration detention may foster delegitimating beliefs about the US legal system without producing the intended deterrent effect.

scholarly journals China’s Accession to Government Procurement Agreement under the Trump Administration’s Trade Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Feng Guo ◽  
Fen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
Trump Administration

China committed to initiate the accession to Government Procurement Agreement when it entered the WTO as a compromise to the requirements made by GPA parties, mostly the developed western countries such as the United States. China started its official attempt to join the GPA on December 28, 2007 by submitting the first offer to the GPA Commission. Six revised offer were then submitted during the past years. The position of the United States and China in international trade changed dramatically since then. This article finds that Trump Administration’s attitude toward China’s accession to GPA is mixed and the US government might impede China’s accession with the analysis on the current American foreign trade policy and the latest development in government procurement in the US’s related international agreements and domestic laws. However, this accession process can only be delayed but not terminated even if the standpoint of the US is proved to be negative due to the theoretical and technical analysis on GPA. Effective and significant measures will be taken by Chinese government since the president Xi Jinping made the statement to accelerate the accession to GPA in Boao Forum in early 2018.

scholarly journals Wpływ reformy zdrowotnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych ObamaCare na biznes farmaceutyczny

Ekonomia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Łukasz Jasiński ◽  
Marta Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Healthcare Reform ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Insurance Business ◽  
The Impact

Impact of the Healthcare Reform in the United States ObamaCare on the Pharmaceutical Business ObamaCare changes have different influence on diverse healthcare business. Pharmaceutical industry seems to gain on this reform unlike the insurance business. In this article we briefly present the main positive and negative effects of health reform in the US. Then, we point to the impact of ObamaCare on profits, costs and activities of pharmaceutical companies. We discuss changes such as: increase in sales of prescription drugs; new rules of registration of generic drugs; novel tax on sales of original drugs; incentives for pharma to put more attention to specific fields in R&D; bigger transparency in relations between physicians and pharma industry.

Partial UK-US trade deal to join China and USMCA deals

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Trade Policy ◽  
United States Mexico

Subject US trade policy after the China and USMCA deals. Significance US President Donald Trump approved the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) on January 29 after Mexico approved it in December. Canada will almost certainly approve it, having begun the ratification process on January 27. The USMCA signing, coming soon after Chinese and US officials signed phase one of their trade agreement on January 16, is the most significant activity on international trade thus far by the US administration. Impacts US trade policy will continue to focus on bilateral deals. Trump benefits politically from attacking US trade imbalances, which his supporters view as having only hurt US industry and commodities. Trump may see the USMCA and China deals as fleeting successes; he might redouble his efforts and pursue stricter deals if re-elected.

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