scholarly journals Riots, Demonstrations, Strikes and the Coalition Programme

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Taylor-Gooby
Keyword(s):  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Labour Market Reforms ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Political Demonstrations ◽  
Spending Cuts

The current UK government's policies include headlong spending cuts and a far-reaching restructuring of public provision. State welfare arguably contributes to political legitimacy and social stability, as well as to better social conditions and economic prosperity. The fact that current policies bear disproportionately on lower income groups may damage legitimacy.This article analyses a dataset covering twenty-six countries for more than two decades to show that spending cuts, privatisation and increases in poverty undermine legitimacy. It uses a direct measure of legitimacy in terms of the frequency of riots and political demonstrations and strikes, rather than the usual indirect measures in terms of attitudes and trust in government. Findings in relation to the increased work-centredness of the benefit and labour market reforms are more equivocal: a stricter benefit regime may not undermine legitimacy.

scholarly journals Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport – distributional impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Fearnley ◽  
Jørgen Aarhaug
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Income ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Distributional Impacts

Abstract Background and methods This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. Results We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.

scholarly journals Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas ◽  
Xiaodong Xu ◽  
Chunxia Sun ◽  
Saif Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Lower Income Countries

AbstractSecurity issues are the global concern nowadays, which triggers government spending on military equipment and supply chain. This paper analyzes the global perspective of cohesion indicators on Militarization by using 177 countries panel data from the Years 2011-2018 based on middle/lower and high-income groups. By applied OLS and Fixed Effect modelling, we explored the idea that Group Grievance and Population Growth Rate have a significant impact on Militarization in both income groups worldwide. However, middle/lower income group’s Militarization is more fragile than high-income groups due to state cohesion. It further analyses that Security Apparatus and Fractionalization Elite are significant in Middle/ lower-income countries and have an insignificant impact on Militarization in high-income countries. In the end, the study suggested that the United Nations must keenly observe the militarization trends of the less fragile states by considering global peace concerns and should play its role to resolve the bilateral conflicts in the region to maintain world peace environment.

scholarly journals Who Becomes Unhappy when Income Inequality Increases?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn Lous ◽  
Johan Graafland
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

AbstractLiterature has established that, on a macroeconomic level, income inequality has a negative effect on average life satisfaction. An unresolved question is, however, which income groups are harmed by income inequality. In this paper we investigate this relationship at the microeconomic level combining national indicators of income inequality with individual data of life satisfaction from the World Values Survey for 39 countries over a period of 25 years. Tests on moderation by income category show that the Gini coefficient is most negatively related to life satisfaction of the lowest income groups, but the negative effects also extends to other income groups. For the income share of the top 1% we find a similar result. These findings show that income inequality is especially a concern for the lower income groups, but that the harmful effect of income inequality also spillovers to the life satisfaction of other income groups.

scholarly journals Nutrient intakes of urban dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcfie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Body Weights

1. The nutrient contents of diets consumed by families in the lower income groups in Lagos are compared with published values for diets consumed by Nigerians in rural areas.2. Qualitatively, the dietary patterns of urban dwellers tended to resemble those of the regions from which they had migrated; attention is drawn to certain exceptions.3. Quantitatively, urban diets resembled those in rural areas in (a) providing a lower proportion, in relation to requirements, of calories rather than of protein; and (b) allowing children lower intakes of all nutrients, in relation to requirements, than adults.4. Restriction of calorie intake resulted in diversion of dietary protein to energy production, and this in turn led to low mean body-weights of children and of adults.

Iceland’s Strategy of Redistribution

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefán Ólafsson
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Financial Hardship ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Taxation Policy ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Bubble Economy ◽  
Vulnerable Households

Stefán Ólafsson here explains the characteristics of the bubble economy in Iceland, the magnitude of the financial collapse of 2008, and its consequences. The crisis was dramatic and deep but bottomed out early (2010). Since then good growth has prevailed. The governments of the crisis period applied various policy reactions that worked quite well, and included both macroeconomic stimulus measures and social protective efforts. Ólafsson describes what he terms Iceland’s redistribution strategy, which aimed to protect the more vulnerable households. These included increased transfers aimed at the lower income groups, job creation, activation and rehabilitation, debt relief, and changed taxation policy. Altogether these efforts succeeded in softening the worst crisis consequences and contributed to an equalization of income distribution. Financial hardship topped in 2010 and has come down since then, gradually and persistently. By 2017 the highest employment and income levels of the pre-crisis years had been regained.

scholarly journals Measuring income inequalities beyond the Gini coefficient

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikuláš Luptáčik ◽  
Eduard Nežinský
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Head Count ◽  
Weights Restrictions

AbstractGrowing interest in the analysis of interrelationships between income distribution and economic growth has recently stimulated new theoretical and empirical research. Measures such as the head-count ratio for the poverty index or the widely used Gini coefficient are aggregated indicators describing the general extent of inequality without deeper insights into income distribution among households. To derive an indicator accounting for income distribution among income groups, we propose a new approach based on an output oriented DEA model where the input value is unitized to 1 for each country and weights restrictions imposed so as to favour a higher income share in the lower quantiles. We demonstrate the merits of this approach on the quintile income breakdown data of 29 European countries. Prioritizing lower income groups’ welfare, countries such as Slovenia and Slovakia can be equally favoured by the new proposed indicator while being assessed differently by the Gini index. An intertemporal analysis reveals a slight deterioration of income distribution in the majority of 29 European countries over the period of 2007–2016 in a Rawlsian sense.

LOTTERY AS A RETAIL PRODUCT

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki C Han ◽  
Sukhun Lee ◽  
David Y Suk
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Unique Aspect ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
Retail Products

In this study we examine whether the volume of lottery sales is positively related to the volume of other retail product sales.  We find that retail sales are more significantly related to lottery sales than to any other macroeconomic variables.  This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the lottery is similar to any other retail good.  Among the retail products we include in our data, lottery sales are most correlated with the sales of food and beverage products.  The results show that there is a unique aspect that distinguishes the lottery from other retail products.  The most intriguing result is that lottery sales are inversely related to the level of income, meaning that people with lower income tend to participate in more lotteries, which can be interpreted as the lottery’s income supplementary function.  We also find that lottery sales are mainly determined by the residents earning between $10,000 and $50,000 a year, implying that the lottery does not appeal equally to all income groups.  Finally, lottery sales are negatively related to the number of African-American residents, positively related to the number of Hispanic residents, and negatively related to the number of White residents.  These results suggest that the lottery appeals differently to people of different ethnicities.

French and Canadian Exchange Rate Policy

1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry C. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Capital Movements ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Credit ◽  
International Demand ◽  
Rate Policy

Whatever may have been the merits of the gold standard in die nineteenth century, it has not proved a satisfactory system of exchange since 1913. The decentralization of the world financial system, the greater liquidity of the public's holdings, and the appearance of capital movements unrelated to movements of trade have rendered abortive attempts to return permanently to the gold standard. In any event, the unwillingness of governments, increasingly dependent on the favor of the lower income groups, to allow or compel the contraction of domestic credit in response to changes in international demand prevented the operation of a system that depends on such adjustments. But the gold standard of die nineteendi century cast a long shadow behind it.

Sooner rather than later? Younger and middle-aged adults preparing for retirement

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL ANDERSON ◽  
YAOJUN LI ◽  
FRANK BECHHOFER ◽  
DAVID McCRONE ◽  
ROBERT STEWART
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Financial Preparation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Very High

During the 1990s, the British population has been urged by government and financial institutions to make more personal preparation for retirement and to begin doing so while they are still relatively young. This paper, set within a wider analysis of people's long-term planning behaviour, investigates the extent to which a sample of the general population of Kirkcaldy in Scotland, mostly aged between 30 and 49, has given thought to the question of retirement, feels they have made financial preparation for it, and also how comfortable they expect retirement to be. While it seems likely that early planning for retirement is more common today than 20 years ago, there remain substantial sections of the population, including – but going well beyond – many in lower income groups, who appear not to be preparing, for varying combinations of reasons (including family responsibilities, personal history, cultural and general orientation to life). The study concludes that planning for retirement must be seen as part of planning as a whole, and that the propensity to plan is the outcome of a complex web of material, social, cultural and psychological factors. This suggests that even very high profile urging from politicians and financial institutions is unlikely to deliver adequate pensions for significant sections of the UK population.

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