Morphological, ecological and genetic variability of Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas-Martínez in central eastern Portugal

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Delgado ◽  
Sílvia Ribeiro ◽  
Álvaro Alves ◽  
Eliseu Bettencourt ◽  
Sónia Dias
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Interior Region ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Central Eastern

The morphological characterisation and data analysis of germplasm accessions of wild Portuguese Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas-Martínez from the southern Beira Interior region of central eastern Portugal are described. The study, based on seeds and cultivated plants, was conducted in 2005, 2006 and 2008 among populations selected from four sites (I, II, III and IV). Quantitative and qualitative phenotypic data relating to a set of 35 morphological traits were analysed using canonical discriminant analysis. Genetic similarity among accessions was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism molecular markers. The traits contributing most to the variability among studied populations were related to plant density, leaf colour, seed weight and various spike and flower characteristics. Plant populations from each of the four test sites were statistically distinct, exhibiting unique characteristics when compared with one another; however, populations from Sites II, III and IV showed greater genetic similarity and differed substantially from the population of Site I. Altitude and temperature were found to be the most significant environmental variables influencing plant traits, yet the morphological variability of L. luisieri was also influenced by soil pH levels, suggesting that the expressed variability is not only a result of genetic characteristics but also of existing ecological conditions.

scholarly journals Clustering of Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis strains from regions of Central-Eastern Poland based on their biochemical and genetic characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Puacz ◽  
W.M. Ilczyszyn ◽  
M. Kosecka ◽  
A. Buda ◽  
W. Dudziak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dna Microarray ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Typing Method ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
Mastitic Milk

AbstractStaphylococcus aureusstrains were isolated from mastitic milk of cows with infected mammary glands. The animals were living in 12 different farms near Lublin, in Central-Eastern Poland. A biochemical identification method based on enzymatic assay was performed, followed by haemolytic and proteolytic tests. PCR-RFLP targeted on thegapgene allowed the genetic identification of strains at the species level and verified phenotypic identification results. A molecular typing method using triplex PCR was performed to recognize the genetic similarity of the analyzed strains. DNA microarray hybridization (StaphyType, Alere Technologies) was used for detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence associated markers. The results obtained indicate high genetic similarity in strains isolated from the same sites. High genetic similarities were also detected between strains isolated from cows from different farms of the same region. A slightly lower similarity was noted however, in strains from various regions indicating that the strains are herd specific and that the cow’s infections caused byS. aureuswere of a clonal character. In 21 representative isolates selected for DNA-microarray testing, only fosfomycin (fosB) and penicillin resistance markers (blaZ, blaI, blaR) were detected. The presence of genes coding for haemolysins (lukF, lukS, hlgA, hla, hld, hlb), proteases (aur, sspA, sspB, sspP), enterotoxins (entA, entD, entG, entI, entJ, entM, entN, entO, entR, entU, egc-cluster), adhesins (icaA, icaC, icaD, bbp, clfA, clfB, fib, fnbA, map, vwb) or immune evasion proteins (scn, chp, sak) was common and, with exceptions, matched triplex PCR-defined clusters.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Phenotyping Methods for Breeding Drought-Tolerant Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8266
Author(s):  
Minsu Kim ◽  
Chaewon Lee ◽  
Subin Hong ◽  
Song Lim Kim ◽  
Jeong-Ho Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping

Drought is a main factor limiting crop yields. Modern agricultural technologies such as irrigation systems, ground mulching, and rainwater storage can prevent drought, but these are only temporary solutions. Understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular reactions of plants to drought stress is therefore urgent. The recent rapid development of genomics tools has led to an increasing interest in phenomics, i.e., the study of phenotypic plant traits. Among phenomic strategies, high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is attracting increasing attention as a way to address the bottlenecks of genomic and phenomic studies. HTP provides researchers a non-destructive and non-invasive method yet accurate in analyzing large-scale phenotypic data. This review describes plant responses to drought stress and introduces HTP methods that can detect changes in plant phenotypes in response to drought.

scholarly journals Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Kernel Abortion and Stem Lodging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Noor Shah ◽  
Mohsin Tanveer ◽  
Asad Abbas ◽  
Mehmet Yildirim ◽  
Anis Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
High Plant Density

High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

scholarly journals Effect of cultivation factors on the yield and yield security of maize

2012 ◽  
pp. 263-265
Author(s):  
Mihály Sárvári
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

Cultivation factors have a significant effect on the yield and yield security of maize. Ensuring a suitable green crop is important. Tricultural crop rotation (pea–wheat–maize) in the average of 25 years provided a 2 t ha-1 higher yield compared to monocultural cultivation. A harmonious NPK nutriment supply determines yield and yield security, which can be especially realized by means of the application of precision cultivation technologies. Under average circumstances N 80 kg ha-1, P2O5 50 kg ha-1, K20 60 kg ha-1 active ingredient is the agro-ecological dosage of artificial fertilizer.Plant density is a factor that determines yield. Optimal plant density – beside the genetic characteristics of the hybrid – is mostly influenced by the level of water and nutriment supply.

Effects of high plant populations on the growth and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. LEACH ◽  
H. J. STEVENSON ◽  
A. J. RAINBOW ◽  
L. A. MULLEN
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Rothamsted Experimental Station ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Very High

The effects of plant density on the growth and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were examined in a series of five multifactorial experiments at Rothamsted Experimental Station between 1984 and 1989. Plant densities, manipulated by changing the seed rate and row spacing, or because of overwinter losses, ranged from 13·5 to 372 plants/m2. Normalized yields for the multifactorial plots increased with densities up to 50–60 plants/m2. In very high density plots in 1987/88, yield decreased as density increased >150 plants/m2. Plants grown at high density had fewer pod-bearing branches per plant but produced more branches/m2. Branch dry matter (DM) per plant was decreased by 42%, the number of fertile pods per plant and pod DM/plant by 37%. There was no effect of density on the number or DM of pods/m2. Over 74% of the fertile pods were carried on the terminal and uppermost branches of plants grown at high density in 1987/88 compared with only 34% in plants grown at low density in 1988/89. Seed DM/plant decreased with increase in density but seed size (1000-seed weight) increased. There was no effect of density on seed glucosinolate or oil contents.

Influence of size of achenes sown and depth of sowing on growth and yield of dryland oilseed sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) on the Darling Downs

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Radford
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Delayed Emergence ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Emergence Percentage

Large achenes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) exhibited a slightly higher germination percentage and greater mean hypocotyl length than small achenes, resulting in a higher field emergence percentage at sowing depths exceeding 6 cm. Size of achenes sown had no effect on achene yield, provided plant populations from large and small achenes were equal. Plants grown from small achenes produced achenes of higher kernel percentage in both seasons, resulting in higher protein percentage in one season and higher oil percentage in the other. Performance of ungraded achenes was equal to that of graded achenes of the same mean size. Deep sowing reduced emergence percentage considerably, especially when small achenes were sown, but the effect of deep sowing on growth and yield was confounded with effects of reduced plant density (because of reduced emergence) and effects of delayed emergence causing slightly later timing of growth and development processes in relation to environmental factors.

Disease in Invasive Plant Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
Erica M. Goss ◽  
Amy E. Kendig ◽  
Ashish Adhikari ◽  
Brett Lane ◽  
Nicholas Kortessis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Native Invasive ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Over Time

Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.

Yield-density relationships and optimum plant populations in two cultivars of solid-seeded dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Adrian M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Density Relationship

There is relatively little agronomic information on solid-seeded production of dry bean in western Canada. Recommended seeding density for dry bean can depend on the growth habit of the plant, the yield–density relationship, percent emergence, seed cost and environment. The objective of this study was to determine the yield–density relationships in two determinate bush type cultivars of dry bean and the optimum plant population under solid-seeded production in Saskatchewan. CDC Camino, a late-season pinto bean and CDC Expresso, a medium-season-length black bean were the cultivars evaluated. In most sites, the yield-density relationship of the cultivars was asymptotic and an optimum plant density for maximum yield could not be determined. Camino generally required a lower plant population to reach a given yield than Expresso. Increasing plant population did not affect 1000-seed weight. Higher seeding rate did result in a greater number of seeds produced m-2, with Expresso having a greater increase in seed produced m-2 compared with Camino. Expresso was required to be at higher plant densities than Camino to maximize economic returns. This reflects the differences between cultivars in yield-density relationship and seed cost, as Camino has a heavier 1000-seed weight than Expresso. Saskatchewan bean growers wishing to maximize profit should target plant populations for Expresso and Camino of approximately 50 and 25 plants m-2, respectively. Key words: Saskatchewan, yield components, non-linear regression, seeding rate, narrow rows, solid-seeded

Interaction of nutrient supply and plant density in relation to maximal yield of the swede crop

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Lang ◽  
J. C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Maximal Yield ◽  
Large Populations

SUMMARYThe effects of changing plant density and nutrient supply on the yield of swedes were measured in nine experiments over 3 years. With small populations, a large nutrient supply was required to reach the maximal yield of roots, but with large plant populations the same nutrient rate depressed yield. This interaction is illustrated by a response surface, and reasons for it are discussed. The interaction is of limited importance in practice because it was small over the range of population and nutrient supply commonly used. Even with small populations, the compensation achieved by applying more fertilizer was uneconomic. On crops with large populations, such as swedes for human consumption, however, the normal recommended rate of fertilizer should not be exceeded because of loss of yield as well as increased cost. More fertilizer and greater plant density were needed to give maximal total yield (roots + tops) than of roots alone. Effects of nutrient supply and plant population on plant establishment and dry-matter content of the swedes are discussed.

To what extent do geographic and associated environmental variables correlate with kelp morphology across temperate Australia?

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meegan J. Fowler-Walker ◽  
Sean D. Connell ◽  
Bronwyn M. Gillanders
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Wave Exposure ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Ecklonia Radiata ◽  
Exposure Temperature ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Australian Coastline

Intraspecific variation in morphology is common among marine algae and may allow plants to exist across a wide geography and range of environmental conditions. Morphological variation of Ecklonia radiata has been described over thousands of kilometres of the temperate Australian coastline; however, the degree to which this morphological variability is related to geographic and environmental variation is unknown. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) variation in the morphology of Ecklonia radiata, growing in both monospecific and mixed stands, is related to variation in latitude, longitude, wave exposure, temperature, depth and plant density (collectively referred to as ‘physical variables’); and (2) measures of morphological dissimilarity in E. radiata are greatest among locations that are separated by the largest geographic distances. The combined effect of the physical variables accounted for 74% of the variation in both monospecific and mixed stands. The majority of this variation was related to longitude and the remainder to wave exposure, water temperature and plant density. In monospecific stands, measures of morphological dissimilarity were consistently large between locations that were separated by the greatest geographical distances (>2500 km). The existence of such relationships may not indicate causality, but do contribute to a broad based understanding of major ecological patterns across temperate Australia’s coastline.

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