scholarly journals Watchdogs in Our Midst: How Presidents Monitor Coalitions in Brazil's Multiparty Presidential Regime

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (03) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Carlos Pereira ◽  
Mariana Batista ◽  
Sérgio Praça ◽  
Felix Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Information Asymmetries ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
And Control

Abstract When delegating governing tasks to a coalition partner, the president would like to give a minister ample administrative powers to be able to effectively accomplish the political mission. Due to information asymmetries, the president runs the risk that this discretion might be used to pursue policy outcomes that may harm the president's preferences. This trade-off between delegation and control is key to understanding governance strategies the president chooses to minimize agency risks and coordinate public policies. With Brazil as a case study, this article demonstrates that presidents have strategically made frequent use of junior ministers as watch-dogs of coalition partners, especially when coalition allies are ideologically distant from the president's preferences. Yet neither the portfolio salience nor the president's decision to share powers with coalition partners proportionally seems to interfere in such strategic decisions.

scholarly journals Watchdogs in Our Midst: How Presidents Monitor Coalitions in Brazil's Multiparty Presidential Regime

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pereira ◽  
Mariana Batista ◽  
Sérgio Praça ◽  
Felix Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Information Asymmetries ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
And Control

AbstractWhen delegating governing tasks to a coalition partner, the president would like to give a minister ample administrative powers to be able to effectively accomplish the political mission. Due to information asymmetries, the president runs the risk that this discretion might be used to pursue policy outcomes that may harm the president's preferences. This trade-off between delegation and control is key to understanding governance strategies the president chooses to minimize agency risks and coordinate public policies. With Brazil as a case study, this article demonstrates that presidents have strategically made frequent use of junior ministers as watch-dogs of coalition partners, especially when coalition allies are ideologically distant from the president's preferences. Yet neither the portfolio salience nor the president's decision to share powers with coalition partners proportionally seems to interfere in such strategic decisions.

The Political Mantra

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalypso Nicolaïdis
Keyword(s):  
State System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Take Back ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Ius Gentium ◽  
British State ◽  
And Control ◽  
National Control

The chapter sets Brexit against the age-old trade-off between cooperation and control. As Nicolaïdis argues, the European order has undergone a number of important transformations -accentuated since Maastricht- which have increasingly altered the balance between these two poles, fostering greater calls to ‘take back control’—the political mantra of the Brexiteers. Accordingly, Britain’s predicament lies in the tension between different meanings of ‘control’, which can be explored through Kant’s three categories of law. At the level of the inter-state system (Kant’s ius gentium), the British state has been willing to minimalize the loss of national control when bargaining over the scope of jurisdictional authority. However, it is especially vulnerable to losses of control once commitments have been made. This is true for relations between states and foreign nationals (ius cosmopoliticum), the transformation of national boundaries, and for relations between citizens and their own state (ius civitatis).

scholarly journals AI Governance Systems: Ontological Explorations in the Canadian Context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Frost
Keyword(s):  
Research Process ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
Analyse Comparative ◽  
And Control

AI governance is an area of research and practice which seeks to understand and control “the institutions and contexts in which AI is built and used” (Dafoe, 2018, p. 5). Despite the importance of institutions to AI governance, the influence that institutional dynamics play in the development of systems and strategies of AI governance has not yet been rigorously studied. Moreover, the cognitive ecology and evolutionary potential associated with AI practices are crucial aspects of AI governance systems, yet those factors have largely gone unconsidered in the research and practice of AI governance to date. This project attempts to bridge those gaps in research and practice through a four-phase research process involving a comparative analysis of AI governance strategies, a review and synthesis of the AI governance literature, the development of an ontology of AI governance systems, and an in-depth case study of an AI governance system. La gouvernance de l'IA est un domaine de recherche et de pratique qui cherche à comprendre et à contrôler «les institutions et les contextes dans lesquels l'IA est construite et utilisée» (Dafoe, 2018, p. 5, notre trad.). Malgré l'importance des institutions pour la gouvernance de l'IA, l'influence de la dynamique institutionnelle sur le développement des systèmes et des stratégies de gouvernance de l'IA n'a pas encore été rigoureusement étudiée. De plus, l'écologie cognitive et le potentiel évolutif associés aux pratiques de l'IA sont des aspects cruciaux des systèmes de gouvernance de l'IA, mais ces facteurs ont été largement ignorés dans la recherche et la pratique de la gouvernance de l'IA à ce jour. Ce projet tente de combler ces lacunes dans la recherche et la pratique grâce à un processus de recherche en quatre phases impliquant une analyse comparative des stratégies de gouvernance de l'IA, un examen et une synthèse de la littérature sur la gouvernance de l'IA, le développement d'une ontologie des systèmes de gouvernance de l'IA, et une étude de cas approfondie d'un système de gouvernance de l'IA.

scholarly journals Use of Development Dialogues in Learning and Changing Journalism Practice

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Jaana Hujanen
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
And Control

Abstract The present article analyses a case study in which the author experimented with use of the interventionist development dialogue method in journalism practice. Journalistic work is conceptualized as a network of multivoiced, contradictory, historically changing and artefact-mediated activity systems. Through the use of development dialogues, the study aimed at understanding and facilitating the innovation, change and expansive learning that can take place in relation to journalistic work. The data include collaboration between the researcher and four Finnish newspaper journalists, pre- and post-intervention interviews, and diaries kept by the journalists. The data were analysed using the methods of qualitative text analysis. The case study indicates that an interventionist research approach that focuses on journalists’ personal experiences and needs, and makes use of concrete development tasks, is of value to them. It fosters the imagination and the creation of novel journalistic and discursive practices that help journalists reflect on, understand and pursue journalism. As power relations and control impinged on and were manifest in the research process, the development task-oriented interventionist research approach calls for a thorough evaluation that looks at the power relations within an activity system and at the question of the political aim of an interventionist research approach.

Elites and Baptism: Religious ‘Strategies of Distinction’ in Visigothic Spain

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Wood
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
And Control

The political connotations of godparenthood and baptismal sponsorship in creating both vertical and horizontal bonds between individuals and groups in early medieval Europe have long been recognized. What follows offers a case study of sixth- and early seventh-century Visigothic Spain, asking whether the baptismal process could also serve to bring elite and popular together. Elites sought to mobilize those lower down the scale than themselves in opposition to other elites at the same time as having constantly to negotiate the elite position from which they gained their authority. In sixth-century Spain the definition and redefinition of baptismal practice in church council legislation by both Catholics and Arians was an important method for achieving this dual aim of distinction and control.

Kämpfe um Bergbau und die Möglichkeiten demokratischer Transformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (189) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the political effects of popular consultations as a means of direct democracy in struggles over mining. Building on concepts from participatory and materialist democracy theory, it shows the transformative potentials of processes of direct democracy towards democratization and emancipation under, and beyond, capitalist and liberal democratic conditions. Empirically the analysis is based on a case study on the protests against the La Colosa gold mining project in Colombia. The analysis reveals that although processes of direct democracy in conflicts over mining cannot transform existing class inequalities and social power relations fundamentally, they can nevertheless alter elements thereof. These are for example the relationship between local and national governments, changes of the political agenda of mining and the opening of new spaces for political participation, where previously there were none. It is here where it’s emancipatory potential can be found.

2018 Fiji Election Results: Patterns of Voting by Provinces, Rural-Urban Localities, and by Candidates

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
The Political ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Election Results

Akin to the previous, 2014 event, with no data on voter ethnicity, no exit polls, and few post-election analyses, the 2018 Fiji election results remain something of a mystery despite the fact that there had been a significant swing in voting in favour of Opposition political parties. There have been several studies about the election results, but most of them have been done without much quantitative analyses. This study examines voting patterns of Fiji’s 2018 election by provinces, and rural-urban localities, as well as by candidates, and also compares the 2018 and 2014 elections by spending a substantial time classifying officially released data by polling stations and individual candidates. Some of the data are then further aggregated according to the political parties to which those candidates belonged. The current electoral system in Fiji is a version of a proportional system, but its use is rare and this study will provide an interesting case study of the Open List Proportional System. At the end of the analyses, this study considers possible reasons for the swing in favour of the Opposition.

Reconsideration of the Research Trajectory on the Carceral State

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Juliette Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Development ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Research Production ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
And Control

For decades, both incarceration and research on the topic have proliferated. Disciplines within the Western sciences have studied the topic of incarceration through their respective lenses. Decades of data reflect trends and consequences of the carceral state, and based on that data the various disciplines have put forth arguments as to how the trends and consequences are of relevance to their respective fields of study. The research trajectory of incarceration research, however, overlooks the assumptions behind punishment and control and their institutionalization that produce and maintain the carceral state and its study. This omission of assumptions facilitates a focus on outcomes that serve to reinforce Western perspectives, and it contributes to the overall stagnation in the incarceration research produced in Western disciplines. An assessment of the study of the carceral state within the mainstream of American Political Development in the political science discipline provides an example of how the research framework contributes to the overall stagnation, even though the framework of the subfield allows for an historical institutionalization perspective. The theoretical perspectives of Cedric J. Robinson reveal the limits of Western lenses to critically assess the state. The alternative framework he provides to challenge the limits imposed on research production by Western perspectives applies to the argument presented here concerning the limitations that hamper the study of the carceral state.

Islamic and Jewish Religious Feminists Tackle Islamic and Jewish Oral Law: Maintenance and Rebellion of Wives

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Ruth Roded
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Parallel Case ◽  
First Time

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.

Developing Schedule With Linear Programming (Case Study: STTF II Project Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Naufal Dzikri Afifi ◽  
Ika Arum Puspita ◽  
Mohammad Deni Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Project Scheduling ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Service Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Overtime Work ◽  
The Cost

Shift to The Front II Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran Project is one of the projects implemented by one of the companies engaged in telecommunications. In its implementation, each project including Shift to The Front II Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran has a time limit specified in the contract. Project scheduling is an important role in predicting both the cost and time in a project. Every project should be able to complete the project before or just in the time specified in the contract. Delay in a project can be anticipated by accelerating the duration of completion by using the crashing method with the application of linear programming. Linear programming will help iteration in the calculation of crashing because if linear programming not used, iteration will be repeated. The objective function in this scheduling is to minimize the cost. This study aims to find a trade-off between the costs and the minimum time expected to complete this project. The acceleration of the duration of this study was carried out using the addition of 4 hours of overtime work, 3 hours of overtime work, 2 hours of overtime work, and 1 hour of overtime work. The normal time for this project is 35 days with a service fee of Rp. 52,335,690. From the results of the crashing analysis, the alternative chosen is to add 1 hour of overtime to 34 days with a total service cost of Rp. 52,375,492. This acceleration will affect the entire project because there are 33 different locations worked on Shift to The Front II and if all these locations can be accelerated then the duration of completion of the entire project will be effective

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